Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Vermicomposting is the degradation of organic wastes through the consumption by the earthworms. Earthworms increases the fertility of soil in several ways, physically, they are reactors, crushers and mixers, chemically, they are degraders of organic wastes and biologically they are stimulators of decomposition. In India, many species of earthworms are used in vemicomposting, such as Dichogaster bolani, Drawida willsi, etc.

Chlorofluoro carbons.

Plants get hydrogen from Water.

(a) alexander

(A) Earthworm

Useful traits of improved crops are as follows:

1. Higher yield 

2. Improved nutritional quality 

3. Resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. 

4. Change in maturity 

5. Wide range of adaptability. 

6. Desired agronomic characteristics.

Crop rotation minimises attraction by pathogens and pest, controls weeds, improves fertility of soil.

Sulphur dioxide,Chlorine and Ammonia

Socrates was the most famous philosophar of Greece. He was a resident of Athens. The violence in wars made him a philosopher. Socrates stressed the logic to know the truth. He said that to know the truth we should think and analyze. He believed that knowledge shows the path of right conduct and happiness. Many evils arise from ignorance. He strongly condemned the beliefs prevailing in Athens. So he was punished for misleading the youth and idolating new gods. He was poisoned to death.

Correct Answer is: (d) All of them

Vermicompost

The following devices and measures should be adopted to control air pollution: 

1. Gas absorbing appliances should be used over the chimney of the factories, to absorb the harmful gases. 

2. Filters should be used to check up the big particles of refuse matter, so that the big particles may not mix in the atmosphere. 

3. Suitable fuel should be used in vehicles. Combustion engines of vehicles should be checked from time to time. 

4. The fuel should be as such, that on oxidation there may be minimum smoke and less harmful gases are given out.

Boron a micronutrients for plants.

The average amount of CO₂ in the atmosphere is 0.03%

We should stop the entrance of pathogens by preferable preventive measures, e.g., selection of optimum time of cropping, use of pest and disease resistant hybrid varieties, crop rotation, clean cultivation.

20.946% is the percentage of oxygen in gases present in the atmosphere.

Nitrogen gas (78.09%) is found in maximum percentage in the atmosphere.

(a) Julius Caesar

13 billion years

Constantine was a person of righteous, moderate, discriminative, efficient and generous ideas. He built a new huge capital for Roman Empire, named Constantinople. He tried to establish religious unity within the two main sects of Christianity but he did not find notable success in it. He gave Christians the right to build churches and also to worship in it. He began to consider himself a representative of God and spent so much money on his royalty and welfare activities that his treasury became empty. The Hunas were preoccupied with the EastEuropeon boundaries of the Roman empire in Constantine’s period. Constantine died in 337 AD.

The best way to protect plants from virus disease, TMV resistant varieties must be grown. Infected plant should be removed and burnt from field.

Oxygen (20.946%) and nitrogen (78.084%).

Causes of Soil pollution are:

1. Mixing of debris, waste products with the soil, causes soil pollution. 

2. By excessive use of pesticides and fertilisers, the soil is polluted. 

3. When industrial wastes are discharged in the soil, they also pollute the soil. 

4. Insecticides like, D.D.T. is very dangerous. When these enter the body of consumers from producers, their concentration is increased because these are non-degradable substances. Moreover, these can remain in the atmosphere for upto 15 years. DDT also causes soil pollution.

Lung cancer.

Diseases of daily animals can be broadly classified into: 

Parasitic Diseases: The parasites of cattle may be both external and internal. External parasites include fleas, lice, ticks and mites. Internal parasites include worms and flukes. Infectious diseases: These are mainly caused by viruses and bacteria. They are contagious and spread easily. 

For Example Viral diseases: Foot and mouth disease, Cowpox and Rinderpest. Bacterial diseases: Anthrax, Haemorrhagic septicemia, etc.

Detection of Carbon-14 contained in an object used in determining how old such an object is called carbon-14 method of dating.

Human development in the life of early human in the Neolithic period proved to be a milestone. Virtually the Neolithic period was the period of progressive development of the human life. In this period there were revolutionary changes in the area of basic needs of life, which we can understand in the following ways :

Development of Settlements : The basic concept of human development is hidden in community life. Establishment and development of settlements gave rise to community life. When the early man started farming, he immediately came to know that it was not enough to sow the seeds only. It was also necessary to take care of growing plants. Settlements were developed in such a situation in the initial stage. Later these settlements developed and became a village. This was the beginning of a systematic and organized life, which was a very important step towards human development.

Development of mixed agriculture : One important aspect of human development in the Neolithic era was also the development of mixed agriculture in this period. Mixed farming means that at this time, human grew crops and also took up animal husbandary. The use of animals was also important for carrying goods besides obtaining milk and meat. This got rid of unnecessary violence which was an important step in terms of human development. Due to mixed agriculture, food security of the Neolithic man was ensured, which led to increase in population. In such a situation the villages started growing and some of them become cities. In this way the process of human progress speed up.

Improve community life : Due to development of settlements and mixed agriculture the community life of Neolithic man improved. As a result of this division of labour came into being. Now the land, houses, utensils and ornaments were the property of different families. This community life of Neolithic era was a sophisticated form of community life of later stone period, in which the main occupations of human were only hunting and gathering fruits.

Development of various arts : Art has a very important place in human development. In Neolithic times, man made significant achievement due to the invention of stone tools, pottery, invention of wheel and the art of spinning and weaving. Due to their development the life of man became progressive. Due to the sophisticated stone tools, the agricultural work done by the human beings became easy and simple, the storage of grains and food was made easy due to the presence of pottery. Development of art of spinning and weaving was a great success of human intelligence, thereby the surest way of covering the body was developed. The invention of the wheel was the beginning of the technological revolution in the human development of Neolithic period. It gave rise to the first transport. It became easy to take the goods from one place to another by the wheeled cart. This streng thened community life and started a new socio-economic system.

Religious Life : Religious life is an intangible part of human development. In Neolithic time, man believed that the sun, the moon, the stars and other elements of nature possess exceptional power. They pleased them by worshipping them. It has been so in the present time also. It is evident from the above description that human development in the Neolithic period was remarkable and eventful.

The main center of Roman civilization was Italy. Early residents of Rome were engaged in agriculture most of the time and used to rear cow, bull and sheep and make their clothes with flax and cotton. These people used to use clay and wooden utensils. Each family worshipped the goddess of the stove as “Vesta’. Women had respect in Roman society. 

Roman society was divided into four classes—

(i) Elite class 

(ii) Rich traders and moneylenders 

(iii) Small independent farmers and towns residents 

(iv) Slave class.

The upper class people and the rich traders lived in palaces. The lives of slaves were pathetic. There were chariot races and fencing competitions in the cities.

The word civilization has emerged from the word assembly. The literal meaning of civilization is with those rules of experience or experience of those human behaviours in which ties and mutual need take on collective life in human society.

The role of Augustus in the establishment of the Roman empire was very important. In fact, the history of imperialist Rome begins with his reign. He paid special attention to organizing and strengthening the empire in place of empire expansion. By upgrading the traffic routes and connecting Rome with all the major routes, he made it the center of Europe. He encouraged education, literature and art. Serious attempts were made to remove evils in social and religious life. He proudly used to say that when he got Rome it was a city of bricks and when he left Rome, it had become a marble town. Therefore, there is no doubt that he was a meritorious, benevolent and efficient ruler.

One who is an expert in the science of studying and excavating relics of ancient and prehistoric civilizations to learn about the daily life our ancestors living in the past and their business, is called an anarchaeologist.

(a) Late blight of potato. 

(b) Green ear disease of

Toxic chemicals present in waste material thrown from factories and industries into river water, on large scale, kill the fishes.

(a) Angular leaf spot of tobacco. 

(b) Red stripe of sugar cane.

(a) Smoke emitted by various automobiles. 

(b) Burning of fuels, like wood, coal and petrol.

Stone tools have been of great significance in the life of early humans. If it is said that without the tools of stone, the life of early human was not possible, it would be no exaggeration. The people hunted animals for food with these tools and weapons made of stone. In fact, the process of cultural development of human beings started at the time when the skill of making stone tools was developed. If we think of stone tools in a functional sense, these tools are mainly found in three parts : 

(i) Oasis (Kuthar) 

(ii) Gandase 

(iii) Rukhani or Shalkar (cutting/sharpening) tools.

1. Oasis : It was used to crush an object. It was made by stripping the stone from the hard part of the rock. 

2. Gundase : It was probably used to cut meat, they were prepared by making sharp edges on one side of the heavy stone. 

3. Rukhani or Shalkar : These tools were smaller and thinner than the Oasis and Gundase, but they had more sharp edges.

There is an important fact of stone age tools that they have been found in many places of Europe, Africa and Asia. 

This reveals the universal utility of stone tools.

Community Life : The community life of stone age began the later stone age. At this time, the task of collecting food items was done by the action of primitive human cooperation. Facing the circumstances he had realized that he could not live for long unless he got to meet others. It was necessary for him to be well groomed for this protection. This situation became the basis of community life. Community life was in the emergence stage and under the circumstances, it was very fragile. The size of the community depended on the quantity of fruits available in the area and the number of animals to be hunted. The community could not live in the same place for long time. With changing seasons they had to change their places with their animals. In later stone age men and women had equal status in community life. In the Neolithic period, the situation further improved the social point of view. Due to the knowledge and practice of agriculture in this period the division of labour came into existence,

Art: Stone age’s art was also in its emergence stage. The man of this age first painted figures by drawing lines on the walls of his caves. Colourful pictures are found on the inner terraces and walls in some caves. In these pictures running wild bulls, horses, bears, deer, etc. and very beautiful pictures of hunting are seen. What was the purpose of art of stone age men ? It is not entirely clear, but by developing art, human perceptions developed. The stone-age man also carved his personal items as well as carved the tools. Pictures made in many hill caves are evidence of this. Cave paintings of Bhimbetka located in Madhya Pradesh are considered to be of the stone age.

Small amounts.

Stone age is divided into in three parts on the basis of their tools : 

• Kuthar 
• Gandase 
• Rukhani or Sholker tools.

Culture means mode of human behaviour, earning livelihood, finding new knowledge and expressing thoughts through art and literature.

(i) The Naxalite Movement originated from Darjeeling, West Bengal, to raise a voice against the exploitation of farmers by the landlords and to confiscate the lands of the landlords and distribute it amongst the tenants.

(ii) Later, the Naxalites took to terrorism and started a parallel system by rejecting democracy, thereby threatening the internal security of India. 

(iii) The movement was mainly located in West Bengal.

(iv) Later, the movement spread to East Godavari in Andhra Pradesh and parts of Vishakhapattanam, Karimnagar in Telangana, Adilabad, Bastar, Rajnandangaon and Sukma in Chhattisgarh, Gadchiroli, Bhandara and parts of Chandrapur in Maharashtra, Balaghat and Mandala in Madhya Pradesh and Koraput in Odisha. 

(v) In order to maintain their influence, the Naxalites established an organisation called People’s Liberation Guerilla Army (PLGA). This conflict is still going on.

Correct option is martial

Correct option is (c) 8

Correct option is (b) Ministry of External Affairs

(a) Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan 

(i) A slogan given by Lai Bahadur Shastri in 1965. 

(ii) To symbolize to resolve country’s challenge of food crisis and external threat. 

(b) Garibi Hatao 

(i) A slogan was given by the then Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1970 to symbolize removal of poverty. 

(ii) Through this slogan, Indira Gandhi generated a support base among women, unemployed youth, minorities, landless laborers, Dalits, etc. 

(c) Indira Hatao 

A slogan was given by Grand Alliance along with one programme Indira Hatao’ only i.e. remove Indira Gandhi from the Political arena. 

(d) Grand Alliance 

(i) An alliance formed by non-communist and non-Congress parties to be formed against Congress (R). 

(ii) It did not focus on multiple strategies of development rather included only ‘Indira Hatao’.

Following are the different kinds of pollution

1. Water pollution 

2. Air pollution 

3. Land pollution 

4. Noise pollution 

5. Radioactive pollution 

6. Thermal pollution

1. Cholera 

2. Dysentery, 

3. Typhoid and 

4. Jaundice.

Almost 10,000 years ago, human began to progress rapidly. At that time he started making many advanced tools, this period is called ‘Middle stone age’.

(i) In 1980, the movement for ‘Independent Khalistari took root in Punjab. 

(ii) During that period, the leader of the Akali Dal was Sant Harcharan Singh Longowal. He used to direct his activists from the Golden Temple to stage protests. 

(iii) On the other side of the Golden Temple, armed followers started gathering around the staunch Khalistan supporter Sant Jamail Singh Bhindranwale. During that period, terrorist activities had begun. 

(iv) Bhindranwale was arrested in 1981, accused of the murder of newspaper editor, Lala Jagatnarayan.

(v) After this incident, the situation worsened. Due to these developments, President’s rule was imposed in Punjab in 1983.

(i) In 1946, some educated Naga youth established an organisation called Naga National Council (NNC). 

(ii) Later, they made a demand for an independent State of Nagaland. They were led by Angami Zapu Fizo. 

(iii) In 1954, the Naga National Council announced the establishment of an independent federation of Nagaland. In 1955, skirmishes happened between local Nagas and the soldiers of the Assam Rifles.