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Binary fission.

Microsporocyte or microspore mother cells are polygonal and closely packed initially. Pollen grains develop from them in pollen sacs of anthers. As anther enlarges, pollen sac becomes loosely arranged. A few microsporocytes becomes non-functional and are absorbed by developing microspores. Each microsporocyte undergoes meiosis and from four haploid nuclei (microspores or pollen gains). They arrange in a tetrahedral manner. later on each microspore separates and develops into a mature pollen grain.

(a) Oviduct (fallopian tube). 

(b) Uterus (womb).

(a) Placenta.

(b) About 9 months.

(c) Cervix.

Oxygen is essential for releasing energy from nutrients.

Vegetative propagation in potato takes place through Stem.

Oxygen from the atmospheric air is taken into the body through the Respiratory system.

Trachea is a long tube strengthened by ‘C’ shaped cartilaginous rings

Nostril, Nasal Cavity, Trachea, Bronchus, Bronchiole, Alveolus, Pleura, and Diaphragm

Air passes body is called Nostril

True

There are no cartilaginous rings in the bronchioles True

The respiratory tract

Nasal cavity connects nostrils with the pharynx

Alveoli increase the respiratory surface area in lungs. This large surface area help in the easy exchange of respiratory gases. Alveoli are surrounded by numerous capillaries. The inner wall of the alveoli is always kept moist. During inspiration, the concentration of oxygen inside the alveoli is higher than that of blood capillaries whereas the concentration of carbon dioxide in blood capillaries is higher than that of alveoli. As a result oxygen from the alveoli diffuses to the capillaries and carbon dioxide from capillaries diffuses to the alveoli

The combined working of intercostal muscles and the diaphragm help in increasing and decreasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Bacteria, yeast, etc.

Surface area of both the lungs together turn up to be at least 70 sq. mtrs.

Oxyhaemoglobin

Nostrils → Nasal cavity → Trachea → Bronchus Bronchiole → Alveoli

15gm/100 ml blood : Haemoglobin: man 13 gm/100ml blood Haemoglobin: Woman

Acrylic is the synthetic fibre feels like wool and used as a substitute for wool.

Ray: The straight-line path along which the light travels, in a homogeneous medium, is called a ray.

Aperture: The effective width of a lens through which refraction takes place ¡s called the aperture.

Divergent beam: When a group of light rays fall on a concave lens after refraction move away from a point is called a divergent beam.

Convergent beam: When a group of light rays fall on a convex lens after refraction meets at a point is called a convergent beam.

Beam: A number of rays combined together are called a beam.

Focal plane: A plane that is perpendicular to the principal axis at the focus is called the focal plane.

Parallel beam: When a group of light rays parallel to each other is called a parallel beam.

The radius of curvature (R): The distance between the centre of curvature and the optic centre is called the radius of curvature.

Virtual image: The image which cannot be formed on the screen is called a virtual image.

Real image: The image formed on the screen is called a real image.

If the size of the image is larger than that of an object, it is called a magnified image.

The lens which is thicker at its edges than the centre is called a concave (or) diverging lens.

Lens formula is  \(\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}=\frac{1}{f}\)

v = image distance 

u = object distance 

f = focal length.

Biconcave or Double concave Pens: It is bounded by two spherical surfaces curved inward.

The midpoint of the lens is called a pole (or) optical centre.

An oak tree lives for three hundred years and it is a very large tree. In the end, it falls like a log – dry, leafless and sapless.

बलूत का पेड़ तीन सौ साल तक जीवित रहता है और यह बहुत बड़ा पेड़ होता है। अन्त में एक लठ्ठ के रूप में मुरझाया-सा, बिना पत्तियों के ही सूखा गिर जाता है।

Ben Jonson draws two symbols from Nature an Oak tree and a Lily flower. A lily symbolizes short but meaningful life. An oak symbolises a long life without noble virtues.

बेन जॉनसन प्राकृतिक प्रतीकों के रूप में ओके के वृक्ष और लिली के फूल का प्रयोग करता है। लिली एक लघु किन्तु सार्थक जीवन का प्रतीक है। ओक अच्छे गुणों से रहित दीर्घ जीवन का प्रतीक है।

A lily of a day impresses us by its beauty which gives us joy.

एक दिन का लिली का फूल हमें अपनी सुन्दरता से प्रभावित करता है जो कि हमें आनन्द प्रदान करती है।

A lily of a day impresses us by its beauty which gives us joy.

एक दिन का लिली का फूल हमें अपनी सुन्दरता से प्रभावित करता है जो कि हमें आनन्द प्रदान करती है।

Post-office employees were nice and generous. They laughed when they saw Lencho’s letter addressed to God. But soon they became s ed to God. But soon they became serious because they were impressed by Lencho’s faith in God. They decided to send him some money. They collected 70 pesos and sent it to Lencho. When Lencho opened the envelope he found in it only 70 pesos whereas he had asked God for 100 pesos. He thought the post-office people had taken away 30 pesos from the envelope. So he called them bunch of crooks’. He was not justified in calling them crooks. But it only shows his firm faith in God and his innocence.

When Lencho opened the envelope, he found only 70 pesos instead of 100. He doubted that the post-office employees had taken out 30 pesos. So, he called them a bunch of crooks’. But really they were not a bunch of crooks.

John thought many people did not take very good care of their animals or make friends with them as they should do. According to John, such attitude of human should be changed. Master told John that God had given animals a special knowledge and quicker to respond to danger. This instinct in animals, the Master continued, had often saved the lives of men. John had many stories to tell of dogs and horses, and the wonderful ways the animals had saved the lives of people.

Correct answer is (e) Brown

The alternate plan suggested by John to reach the wooden bridge was to go back to four cross ways.

Correct answer is (e) Aeroplane

The master said that he had never been out in such a bad storm.

The low wooden bridge had sturdy rails on both sides. As the river banks were fairly high, the bridge went across just level.

Correct answer is (b) gently

It Black beauty had not been wiser, all the three would have been drowned at the wooden bridge