Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Internal trade can be classified into Two categories

Various types of insurance are: 

1. Life Insurance. 

2. Fire Insurance. 

3. Marine Insurance.

4. Social Insurance 

5. Miscellaneous Insurance as Vehicle insurance, robbery insurance, Crop insurance, live-stock insurance, crime- insurance etc.

Main documents of a Bank are: 

Cheque, Bank Draft and Pay Order.

Meaning of Pay order: It is one of the bank documents. The bank issues pay orders for local payment after realizing amount and commission from the buyer. The concerned bank pays the money on demand. Pay order and draft are similar in character except the charges or commission of pay order, which is less than that of Bank draft.

Various systems of Transportation: 

1. Land Transportation. 

2. Air Transportation. 

3. Water Transportation

1. Land Transportation: It is as essential as arteries in the human body and is the back-bone of the prosperity of a nation. Land Transport can be divided into two parts:

(A) Rail Transport: 

Demand for railway transport system has increased in the industrial and agricultural field due to fast economic development. 

Main efforts done to improve the rail transport:

1. Increase in the capacity of railways. 

2. Modernization of signal system. 

3. More use of wagons with roller bearings. 

4. Increase in trailing load capacity. 

5. Efforts for the development of uniguage system throughout the country. 

6. Arrangement of special trains. 

7. Extension of railway track. 

8. Development of 500 HP engines for carrying goods. 

9. Extension of railway track. 

10. Electrification of railway lines.

(B) Road Transport: Agriculture and rural based economy of India has increased the demand for roads. At present 65% goods transport is under road transport. Therefore it is necessary to expand the road transport. During the last 15 years there has been a tremendous improvement in respect of road thickness, road- broadening, in connecting villages to cities, in changing two lane National highways to four lane system, construction of flyovers under the Prime Minister’s Road Plan. The work on the Swarnim Chaturbhuj Pariyojna to connect metropolitan cities and the Corridor Pariyojna to connect north to south and east to west is going on.

2. Air Transportation: Air, a natural phenomenon, is the medium of Air- transport. Surface obstructions do not affect the air transport. No investment is required in this as in the case of road and railway construction. It is highly developed and most challenging and most revolutionizing system of our economic and cultural life. Air transport is utilized mainly for travelling but since declaration of free space policy in April 1990 by the government of India, Many private firms have bought air cargos. There has been an increase in sending goods by air transport since the government has decontrolled freight rates of air transport. Air taxi service is also being used in air transport. As a result the exporter get cargos timely and they have the facility to choose the freight rates.

3. Water-Transport: In the ancient India the water transport was in the developed state due to our potential shipping industry. In Kautilya’s Arthashastra there is a reference to the water transport available in India. Magasthenese, the Greek traveller, wrote that there were 58 navigable rivers in India.

The Indian Water Transport is divided into two parts:

• (A) Bhartiya Jahaj Rani (Indian Shipping). 
• (B) Inland water Transport.

(A) Indian Shipping: Modern Indian shipping transport was started in 1919 by Sindhia Steam Navigation company but it has only 1% share in the world. Jahaj Rani no doubt the Bhartiya Jahaj Rani Company working in the public sector, is one of the largest companies of the world, having, loading capacity of 35 lakh tons. There are five private shipping companies, having loading capacity of more than one lac tons, but for foreign trade we have to use foreign ships. There is a need to develop comprehensive policy for it.

(B) Inland Water Transport: In the ancient time rivers had been important means of internal water transport, but their importance decreased due to the construction of railway lines and also failure of the government to form a suitable policy for the development of water- transport. Both river transport and canal transport have been extended after the establishment of central water transport corporation. The river Brahmaputra is the best for water transportation. The goods are also transported by boats in the rivers-the Ganga, the Mahanadi, the Godawari, the Krishna etc. The water transport could not progress much due to some obstacles such as floods during rainy season, lack of water during summer and sand in the rivers.

(b) To provide the essential goods and services economically

Correct Answer is: (b) Trade

Securities premium account can be used only for the following four purposes as laid down by Section 78 of the Companies Act 1956 

(i) To issue fully paid bonus shares to an extent not exceeding unissued share capital of the company. 

(ii) To write-off the preliminary expenses of the company. 

(iii) To write-off, the expenses of, or commission paid, or discount allowed on any of the shares or debentures of the company. 

(iv) To pay a premium on the redemption of preference shares or debentures of the company.

On dissolution of firm:All assets including cash brought in partner will be utilized as follows:

• To pay all loans of the firm including partners’ wives.
• To pay every partners’ capital proportionately.
• If any surplus remains, to distribute among partners in the profit sharing ratio.

When partnership among all partners ends and it is decided to close or sell the business of the firm, it is called dissolution of firm.

When company issues shares at a price higher than the face value, the shares are said to be issued at premium. The amount thus receives is known as securities premium.

Realization account is opened on dissolution of a firm. The object of preparing this account is to determine gain (profit) or loss on the realization of assets and payment of liabilities.

When securities like shares and debentures are issued to public more than their face value the excess is called security premium. As per the Section 78 of the Companies Act 1956, the amount of securities premium can be used by the company for the following purposes 

(i) For paying up unissued shares of the company to be issued to members (shareholders) of the company as fully paid bonus share. 

(ii) For writing off the preliminary expenses of the company. 

(iii) For writing off the expenses of, or the commission paid or discount allowed on, any issue of shares or debentures of the company. 

(iv) For paying up the premium that is to be payable on redemption of preference shares or debentures of the company. 

(v) Further, as per the Section 77A, the securities premium amount can also be utilised by the company to buy-back its own shares.

The amount of securities premium reserve can be used only for the following purposes :

1. To write off the preliminary expenses of the company.
2. For issuing fully paid bonus shares to the shareholders of the company.
3. For buyback of company’s own shares.
4. For writing off expenses incurred at the time of issue of shares or debentures of the company.

As per the Section 78 of the Companies Act of 1956, the amount of securities premium can be used by the company for the following activities: 

1. For paying up unissued shares of the company to be issued to members of the company as fully paid bonus share. 

2. For Writing off the preliminary expenses of the company. 

3. For writing off the expenses of, or the commission paid or discount allowed on, any issue of shares or debentures of the company. 

4. For paying up the premium that is to be payable on redemption of preference shares or debentures of the company. 

5. Further, as per the Section 77A, the securities premium amount can also be utilised by the company to Buy-back its own shares.

Cash/Bank A/c Dr. 4,500
To Realization A/c 4,500
(Assets realized on dissolution)

Willkins is Insolvent partner in Garner V/s Murray case. Their loss distributed in capital ratio.

(b) profit and loss ratio

(c) Capital ratio before charging dissolution profit and loss 

Dissolution of partnership only means that relation of one of the partner break with other partners in this case it is not necessary that firm’s business is closed. Remaining partner’s can continue the business. But dissolution of a firm is dissolution of partnership on dissolution of partnership all business activities end. So, it is correct that dissolution of partnership, is different from dissolution of partnership firm.

(c) realization account

(c) realization account

Graves, epitaphs and worms refers to death and what happens to man after its visit.

Bolingbroke is a foe. He was a cousin of King Richard II. But the power craze turned him into a foe.

Executor is one who implements the contents of a will.

(a) out of profit

Helpful for short term planning, for preparing cash budget.

Correct option: (c) Construction

Correct option: (b) Automobile

(d) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct explanation of A.

The decision of Firoz’s son is correct. He should start a bakery in the city. First thing is that bakery products are perishable and secondly there is loss of weight of raw materials in the production of bakery products.

The hymns of Japji Sahib, Anand Sahib, Jap Sahib, Swayas, Chaupais etc. are recited while preparing Khande Ka Pahul.

Correct option: (b) Oil refineries

(c) Both A and R are correct and R is correct explanation of A.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji got manufactured Ranjit Nagara, the victory drum.

• Distribution of industries depend upon various physical factors like climate, raw material, water and power supply, labour, transportation, land, etc., and economic factors like capital, market and government policies.
• Physical and economic factors vary from region to region and political factors vary from country to country.
• Industries are developed where physical and economic factors are favourable for their development.
• Thus, distribution of industries is uneven.
• For example, in India industries are concentrated in Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata, Delhi, Chota Nagpur region and in the rest of India, agriculture is the only major economic activity.

(i) Shantaram should start his honey factory in the city. Raw material in his factory will be honeycombs.

(ii) From honeycombs he will get two finished products – honey and wax. The weight of honeycombs after extracting honey and wax will be the same and therefore ideal location is city.

• Important raw materials used in iron and steel industry are iron-ore, limestone, dolomite, manganese and coal.
• All these raw materials are heavy, bulky and weight-loosing.
• The cost of transportation of these materials are very high.
• Dhanbad and its surrounding areas are the major iron-ore and coal producing areas.
• Since this industry is using weightlosing raw materials which are available around Dhanbad, iron and steel industry is found at Dhanbad.

The creation of Khalsa was an epoch-making event in the history of the Sikhs. In the words of Dr. Hari Ram Gupta, a distinguished historian of Punjab, “The creation of Khalsa was an epoch-making event in the religious and political history of the country.”

The significance of creation of Khalsa can be studied, as under:

1. Completion of the work of Guru Nanak Dev Ji: Guru Nanak Dev Ji founded the Sikh religion. All his successors worked with great devotion for the progress of the Sikh religion. Guru Gobind Singh Ji completed the works started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji by creating the Khalsa.

2. End of the Masand System: The fourth Guru Sahib, Guru Ram Das Ji had started Masand system. The Masands had done commendable work by spreading and popularising the Sikh religion during the early years of their existence. However, by the period of Guru Teg Bahadur Ji, the Masands had degraded themselves by becoming selfish, greedy, and corrupt. Hence, Guru Gobind Singh Ji instructed his Sikhs to snap all their ties with the Masands, Consequently, the Masand system ended.

3. Importance of Khalsa Sangat Enhanced: Guru Gobind Singh Ji granted the right to Khalsa Sangat to prepare the Khande Ka Pahaul and of investiture for the new entrants to the Khalsa Panth. The Khalsa Sangat was also entrusted with the right to take decisions in a democratic way. Therefore, the importance of the Khalsa Sangat increased.

4. Rise in the number of the Sikhs: Guru Gobind Singh Ji united the Sikh« into a common bond of brotherhood, the Khalsa, by the investiture ceremony of Amrit’ from Khande Ka Pahaul. Guru Sahib Ji ordained, that from then onwards, any five Khalsa Sikhs could perform the investiture ceremony of ‘Amrit’ and admit the followers to Khalsa Panth. Consequently, the membership of the Sikh community increased by leaps and bounds.

5. Infused a New Spirit among the Sikhs: The Sikhs were filled with a new spirit of sacrifice by the creation of the Khalsa Panth. They started calling themselves the ‘Singhs’ (lions). By feeling like lions and being addressed as Singhs, their fears and cowardice disappeared. They started maintaining high moral standards in their conduct. Further, they felt themselves united with the end of caste considerations among them.

6. Brave and successful struggle against the Mughals: Guru Gobind Singh Ji had infused the Sikhs with a spirit of courage and fearlessness. Guru Sahib made his sparrows to tear hawks and his single burly soldier was ready to cross swords with one lakh soldiers. It actually happened in the battle of Chamkaur Sahib when forty Sikhs crossed swords with thousands of Mughal soldiers. As a result of the foundation of the Khalsa, the Sikhs successfully fought many battles against the Mughals’from 1699 to 1708.

7. Battles between Guru Gobind Singh Ji and the Hill Chiefs: The creation of Khalsa alarmed the hill chiefs. Especially, Bhim Chand of Bilaspur was highly perturbed and terrified by the military activities of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Bhim Chand made alliance with the other hill chiefs in order to counter the rising power of Guru Sahib. As a result, Guru Sahib was compelled to fight battle against them.

8. Distinctive symbols of the Sikh Community: By the time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the Sikhs had acquired their exclusive sacred towns for pilgrimages. The Sikhs had their own holy book in ‘Adi Granth Sahib’. The Sikhs had by then their own distinctive festivals and customs. After the creation of Khalsa, they were given their own five sacred Ks. In this manner, they acquired distinctive outer symbols also, which made them a distinct religious sect.

9. Saviour of the Hindu Religion: Aurangzeb was cruelly oppressing the Hindus. The Singhs or the Khalsa offered him a stiff resistance. The people of other religions were much impressed by their examples and took courage to start a series of revolts against Aurangzeb. In this manner, the Hindu religion was saved from extinction especially in the North India.

10. End of Superstitions: The Khalsa did not accept the useless beliefs of the Hindus. The Khalsa stopped practising the Hindu ceremonies concerning sacrifices, Yajnas, fasting, Idol worship, etc. In this manner, with the coming of Khalsa, the clouds of superstitions and ignorance were cleared.

11. Popularity of the Democratic Principles: Guru Gobind Singh Ji initiated his Five Piyaras into the Khalsa Panth and then himself stood before them and asked them to initiate him into the Khalsa. Guru Sahib also ordained that any five Khalsas could initiate a person into the Khalsa Panth by performing the ceremony of initiation (Baptism).The Guru Sahib thus based the Khalsa Panth on sound democratic principles.

12. Rise of Political Power of the Sikhs: With the creation of the Khalsa, the spirit of heroism, fearlessness, courage, and self-sacrifice became alive forever among the Sikhs. Therefore, even after Guru Gobind Singh Ji had left the mortal world, the struggle of the Sikhs continued with the same force against the tyranny of the Mughals. Ultimately, they occupied a large part of the Punjab under the leadership of Banda Bahadur. They were severely persecuted by the Mughal governor of Lahore for some years after the death of Banda Bahadur, but they survived by establishing their reputation of being a courageous community which was firm in its resolve to destroy the Mughal power in the Punjab. By 1762, the powerful Sikh chiefs were able to establish their small independent states called the Misls.

It was fought between Raja Bhim Chand of Bilaspur and Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

• Fruit processing industries use fruits as raw material.
• Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts are known for horticulture. They are major mango, jackfruit, cashew and kokum producing districts of Maharashtra.
• All these fruits are raw materials in fruit processing industry.
• These raw materials are bulky, weightlosing and perishable and hence the industry is located in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg districts where fruits are grown in plenty.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji occupies a very high place in the history of Sikh religion and also of India. Guru Sahib was epitome of supreme sacrifices, literary scholarship, a model of courage, forbearance, patience, high moral character and a practical leader of men. Guru Sahib was a rare combination of multiple qualities.

A brief description of Guru Sahib as a complete human being can be given as follows:

1. Impressive Personality: Guru Sahib had a charming and impressive personality. Guru Sahib was tall, fair, with a broad forehead and muscular body. There was a unique glamour on his face. Guru Sahib always carried weapons. Guru Sahib adorned his headgear with a crest (kalgi). Guru Sahib is fondly and respectfully called ‘Kalgidhar Dashmesh’ due to his imposing gait. It was not possible for a mortal being to escape his mesmerizing influence. Guru Sahib was affable, gentle and cheerful by nature. Guru Sahib possessed the qualities of patience, confidence and forbearance.

2. A dutiful son and an ideal father: Guru Sahib was a dutiful son and an ideal father. By helping his father, Guru Teg Bahadur Ji, in finding the right person to end the oppression of the Mughals by saying, “Who is more worthy than you, who is generous, holy and brave,” Guru Sahib proved that he was a dutiful son. Guru Sahib sacrificed all his sons for the protection of the religion. His two younger sons were bricked alive. His two elder sons achieved martyrdom. All the four died in the service of the Khalsa Panth. Guru Sahib respected the wishes of his mother. It was only on the advice of his mother that Guru Sahib vacated Anandpur Sahib.

3. High Moral Values: The life of Guru Sahib was based on high moral values. Guru Sahib never adopted dubious means in his life. Guru Sahib never compromised with falsehood whether it was war or peace time. His moral values earned him ful-fledged devotion of all the Hindus and Muslims. Guru Sahib never valued materialistic pleasures. It is a part of oral history that once a Sikh gifted him costly gold jewellery. Guru Sahib just threw it in the river.

4. Man of Firm Resolve: Guru Sahib was a man of firm determination. The ups and downs of life never made him leave his true path. Guru Sahib was hardly nine years old when his father sacrificed his life. His two younger sons were bricked alive. His two elder sons lost their lives in the battles for the cause of religion. His mother died of a shock at the tragedy of her two young grandchildren. No turmoil in his life succeeded in breaking his resolve to fight against injustice.

5. Tolerant in his Religious views: Aurangzeb had martyred Guru Teg Bahadur Ji just because he was not prepared to embrace Islam. But it did not make Guru Gobind Singh Ji a fanatic like him. Guru Sahib, a real saint, did not become revengeful towards the Muslims. Rather numerous Muslims were his ardent supporters and followers. Pir Muhammad, Buddhu Shah, Nihang Khan, Nabi Khan, Ghani Khan were such Muslims who admired and adored Guru Sahib for his religious tolerance and broadmindedness. There were numerous Turk and Pathan soldiers in his army. Guru Sahib himself made it clear in his Bachitra Natak that he had come on a divine mission to save his people from the wicked and tyrants.

6. A Literary Genius and Saint: Guru Sahib was a saint by nature. Guru Sahib was also a literary genius. Guru Sahib composed numerous verses in Persian, Hindi, and Gurumukhi. The Jap Sahib, Zafarnama, Bachitra Natak, Chandi di Var, etc. are his literary achievements. Guru Sahib enjoyed the company of his 52 poets. Guru Sahib was usually engrossed in deep meditation even on his hunting expeditions. Guru Sahib lived peaceful and most fruitful life at Talwandi Saboo. Guru Sahib was a role model for writers like Saina Pat and Bhai Nand Lai.

7. A Complete Man: Guru Gobind Singh Ji was a perfect example of a complete man. Guru Sahib was fearless, patient, and courageous. The creation of Khalsa and his literary works stand testimony to his genius. The most imposing and tyrannical Mughal empire of his times could not deter him from his resolves. Guru Sahib had made sacrifice of his four illustrious sons and his father Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji. But he did not leave the path of Truth. His secular and rational ideas are well revealed in Zafarnama. Guru Sahib won the hearts of all. Even during his lifetime, Guru Sahib was worshipped as a god. However, Guru Sahib did not like such practice of his followers and had reprimanded them. Guru Sahib was a saint in the real sense and as a man, an epitome of perfection that a man could ever achieve.

The battles of Chamkaur Sahib and Khidrana were the two most important battles fought by Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

Both the battles took place during the Post Khalsa Period of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

1. Battle of Chamkaur Sahib 1705: Guru Sahib vacated Anandpur Sahib, crossed the river Sirsa, and reached Chamkaur Sahib along with his Sikhs. There were only forty Sikhs in his party which reached Chamkaur Sahib. His two Sahibzadas, Sahibzada Ajit Singh, and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh were also with him. Guru Sahib took shelter in a mud fort of Chamkaur Sahib. The enemies followed them there and besieged the fort.

The doughty Sikhs gave them a tough fight. Both the Sahibzadas demonstrated their valor and martial qualities. They achieved martyrdom after slaying many enemy soldiers. Three Piyaras out of the five Piyaras namely, Bhai Sahib Singh, Bhai Mohkam Singh, and Bhai Himmat Singh achieved martyrdom. Guru Sahib was left with only five Sikhs. The five Sikhs requested Guru Sahib to leave the fort. Guru Sahib left the fort along with Bhai Daya Singh and Bhai Dharam Singh. The remaining Sikh followers continued to fight till they achieved martyrdom.

Guru Sahib moved towards the jungles of Machchiwara and passed through Alamgir, Dina etc. and finally reached Khidrana.

2. Battle of Khidrana 1705: Guru Sahib reached the place called Taba near Khidrana, where a large number of Sikhs had already assembled. Those forty Sikhs who had deserted Guru Sahib in the second battle of Anandpur Sahib also joined the followers of Guru Sahib at Khidrana. Mai Bhago had especially arrived to fight along with other Sikhs for Guru Sahib. It is said that nearly two thousand Sikhs had gathered there.

On the other side, with ten thousand soldiers Wazir Khan, the Subedar of Sirhind, came in pursuit of Guru Sahib. On September 29, 1705, a fierce battle was fought at Taba near Khidrana. Guru Sahib and his followers fought the battle with unbelievable courage and valour. They slew the enemy soldiers into pieces in large numbers. The Mughal soldiers started losing battle because of thirst. Finally, the remaining Mughal soldiers ran away to save their lives. Mai Bhago was badly injured and the forty Sikhs, who had signed a disclaimer (Badawa) achieved martyrdom. It was a complete victory for Guru Sahib and his Khalsa. Guru Sahib appreciated the sacrifices of the forty Sikhs and tore their disclaimer in the presence of Bhai Maha Singh. Guru Sahib prayed for their deliverance and the forty martyrs became the forty Muktas in the history of the Sikh religion. Now Khidrana is called Muktsar in their memory.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji reached Chamkaur Sahib from Anandpur Sahib after crossing the river Sirsa. Guru Sahib took position in a mud fort at Chamkaur where the armies of the Mughals and the Hill Chiefs besieged the fort. Guru Sahib gave them a tough fight. The two Sahibzadas of Guru Sahib, Sahibzada Ajit Singh and Sahibzada Jujhar Singh achieved martyrdom. Apart from that, thirty-five Sikhs also achieved martyrdom. The circumstances were not favourable for Guru Sahib. Hence the Sikhs pleaded with Guru Sahib to leave the place and Guru Sahib left for the jungles of Machchiwara along with his five Sikh devotees.

It was the glorious day in the history of Sikh religion when the saints of Guru Nanak Dev Ji were transformed into ‘Singhs’ the lions. They were transformed into such selfless soldiers who readily sacrificed their lives for the protection of their religion with smile on their faces, whenever any occasion demanded.

The great transformation took place in 1699, when Guru Gobind Singh Ji created Khalsa. Guru Sahib had created the Khalsa due to following reasons:

1. Contribution of the first Nine Guru Sahibans: The creation of Khalsa was the culmination of the work started by Guru Nanak Dev Ji. G.C. Narang remarks, “The harvest which ripened in the time of Guru Gobind Singh had been sown by Guru Nanak Dev Ji and watered by his successors. Guru Nanak Dev Ji had called upon the people to fight against injustice and for freedom from tyranny. After Guru Nank Dev Ji, the second, the third and the fourth Gurus consolidated the work begun by the first Guru. Guru Arjan Dev Ji had given to the Sikhs a holy book, a code and a treasury. He was addressed as “Sacha Padshah”. Guru Hargobind by his New Policy converted the Sikhs into saint-soldiers. The first four Guru Sahibs and the 8th Guru were peace loving but they did not make any changes in the basic policies of the other Gurus. The 9th Guru Tegh Bahadur Ji enjoined upon his followers to be brave, fearless, and courageous. By creating Khalsa, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, completed the process begun by his predecessors. In fact, all the elements of Khalsa are traceable in the doctrines given by the predecessors of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.

2. Oppression of Aurangzeb: The atrocities committed by the Mughals on the Sikhs went on increasing during the period of Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Aurangzeb demolished Hindu temples and removed Hindus from the government services. He imposed more unjust taxes and restrictions on them. The most oppressive measure was the forcible conversion of the Hindus to Islam. The helpless Hindus had submitted helplessly to the continuous oppression. In fact, the very existence of Hindu religion in the Punjab was in danger. Guru Gobind Singh Ji was, severely opposed to any kind of oppression and had firmly resolved to fight against it. It was one of the main causes which led Guru Sahib to create Khalsa and to raise a strong army of the Sikhs.

3. Evil of Caste System: The Indian society was infested with social evils. The most crippling social evil was Caste System. The feelings of high and low caste were the major hurdles in achieving national unity. There was a big gulf between the Shudras and the Upper Classes in the society. There was a dire need of unity in the society. Guru Gobind Singh Ji furnished its solution by creating a united Khalsa. Guru Sahib wanted that the Khalsa should emerge as a united whole, dropping out all the caste considerations.

4. Aptitude of the Jats: The Jats had adopted Sikh religion in large numbers. The Jats were brave, fearless and had an inborn talent for battles. Guru Gobind Singh Ji needed a well-organised army to destroy the enemies of the Sikhs. Guru Sahib, therefore, encouraged the war loving Jats to adopt Sikh religion. Guru Sahib wanted to organise his followers and thus created the Khalsa.

5. Opposition of Hill: Chiefs against Guru Gobind Singh Ji. Before the creation of Khalsa Panth, Guru Gobind Singh Ji had explored the possibility of raising a joint front against the oppressive Mughal Empire. Guru Sahib had learnt it from his experience that he could not bank upon the undependable hill people. Guru Sahib realised that the solution to the problem lay in raising their own army. Hence, Guru Sahib created the Khalsa.

6. To Strengthen Sikh Religion: One of the causes of the creation of Khalsa by Guru Sahib was that the people belonging to the factions of Meenas (Prithia’s sympathizers), Dhir Malia’s, and Ram Rai’s groups had been creating troubles for the Guru Sahibans before the period of Guru Gobind Singh Ji.Guru Gobind Singh Ji wanted to save the Sikh religion from such dishonest people and to establish discipline within the Sikh community. Guru Sahib, therefore, established the Khalsa Panth.

7. Corruption in the Masand System: The Masands were very helpful in the spread of the message of Sikh religion, during the period of Guru Arjan Dev Ji. However, gradually many shortcomings crept into the Masand System. The Masands started exploiting the Sikh ,devotees instead of guiding them on the right path. They had started misusing the donations and gifts for the Sikh Panth. A more disciplined organisation like the Khalsa was the need of the hour.

8. Need of a New Organisation: By the time of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, the Sikh community had acquired its own language, distinctive script, their own spiritual guide and their own original holy book. Now they were in need of a new organization. Guru Gobind Singh Ji fulfilled this need by creating the Khalsa.

9. Aim of the Life of Guru Gobind Singh Ji: Guru Gobind Singh Ji wrote ‘Bachitra Natak’ which is his autobiography. It states that Guru Sahib aimed at spreading the message of Sikh religion all over the worlds finish the oppression and protect the saints and noble souls. It was not possible to “achieve such an aim without organising an army of devoted soldiers. As a result, Guru Sahib created the Khalsa Panth.

Guru Gobind Singh Ji created the Khalsa in 1699. Guru Sahib made the following rules for the Khalsa:

• Every Sikh would add Singh (lion) after his name. Every Sikh woman would add word Kaur after her name.
• Every person would join the Khalsa Panth after getting sprinklings and five palmfuls of Amrit (Sacred Water of Immortality) of Khande Ka Pahaul (Baptism of the Sword). Then only the baptized Sikh may call himself a Khalsa.
• Every Sikh, must wear five Ks. which are Kesh (unshorn hair), Kanga (comb), Karra (the iron bangle), Kirpan (sword) and Kachchera ( a pair of shorts).
• Every Sikh shall recite the five prayers after taking bath every morning, which are recited when the Khande Ka Pahaul is prepared.

The second battle of Anandpur Sahib was fought in 1704. Earlier, in the first battle of Anandpur Sahib, Guru Gobind Singh Ji had given a crushing defeat to the hill chiefs. In spite of signing a peace accord with Guru Sahib, the hill chiefs had again started military preparations. They were also joined by the Gujjars. The Mughal Emperor had also accepted their request for military help. As a result, the governor of Sirhind, Wazir Khan, had sent a big contingent against the Sikhs.

The army of all the allied forces besieged Anandpur Sahib. Guru Sahib effectively resisted the attack of the Mughals. However, the Sikhs had an acute shortage of provisions. The Mughal generals cut off all the means of communication and the Sikhs experienced great hardships. The Sikh army started facing starvation. A group of forty Sikhs signed a disclaimer (Badhawa) and thus deserted Guru Sahib. Finally on December 21, 1704, on the advice of Mata Gujari Ji, Guru Sahib, and the Sikhs vacated Anandpur Sahib.

• Transportation facilities are important for the collection of raw materials and distribution of finished products.
• Low cost of transportation is the key factor in the location of industries.
• Transport network is crucial for sustained economic growth and development of a nation.
• Transport system helps to send raw material, fuel and machinery to different industries at the right time and runs the industry.
• Thus, transport plays a crucial role in the development of industries.