Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

(a) After the battle of Panipat, Rana Sanga of Mewad brought all Rajput kings together.

(b) There was a battle between Babur and Rana Sanga at Khanua.

(c) Babur’s artillery and reserved force played a key role in this battle and Rana Sanga’s army was defeated.

Mahmud Gawan

(i) In Maharashtra, Sivaraj was established under the leadership of Shivaji Maharaj.

(ii) In his efforts to establish Swaraj, Shivaji Maharaj had to fight the Mughals too along with the other enemies.

(iii) Aurangzeb came down to the Deccan after the death of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj with the intention of conquering the whole of South India.

(iv) But the Marathas offered stiff resistance to Aurangzeb and defended their independence.

(a) Ibrahim Lodi was the Sultan of Delhi and Daulat Khan Lodi was the Governor of Punjab.

(b) The relationship between Ibrahim Lodi and Daulatkhan Lodi became strained.

(c) Daulatkhan Lodi invited Babur to march on India.

(d) Taking advantage of this opportunity, Babur invaded India.

(e) To repel Babur’s invasion Ibrahim Lodi started with his army.

(f) There was a battle between Ibrahim Lodi and Babur on 21st April 1526 at Panipat.

(g) Babur defeated Ibrahim Lodi’s army. This is known as the First Battle of Panipat.

(a) Krishnadevaraya, ascended the throne of Vijaynagar in 1509 CE. He conquered Vijaywada,

Rajmahendri and annexed the regions to his kingdom.

(b) He successfully took on the armies of the Sultans who had united under the leadership of the Bahamani Sultan Mahmud Shah.

(c) During his reign the Vijaynagar kingdom extended far and wide.

(d) He built the Hazar Ram temple and Vitthal temple in Vijaynagar.

(e) A scholar he wrote ‘Amuktamalyada’, a Telugu compendium on polity.

(f) Decline of the Vijaynagar kingdom began with his death in the year 1530 CE.

(a) Chandbibi, the capable daughter of Husain Nizamshah of Ahmadnagar, bravely defended the fort displaying courage and valour.

(b) At this time, there was an internal strife among the factions of the Sardars in Nizamshahi’s kingdom resulting in the murder of Chandbibi.

Her mother rushed to her and hugged her affectionately.

When Chandani escaped from Abbu Khan’s house, she was overflowing with joy and wonder. Chandani felt as if she were meeting her mother after years of separation. She jumped and played all around. It was the happiest day of her life.

Rutu’s friends greeted her with ‘congratulations’.

This sentence was said by Govinda to Abu Miyan.

Her father said that he was proud of her.

Chandani lost her life for her freedom. She was killed by the wolf after a long fight.

Rutu received the news that she had won the gold medal in an essay writing competition.

(a) Production of new individuals from the vegetative part of parent is called Vegetative propagation. 

(b) A flower may have either male or female reproductive parts. Such a flower is called Unisexual Flower.

Chandani was the real winner because she was a brave goat. She fought to save her life.

(a) Production of new individuals from the vegetative part of parent is called vegetative propagation.
(b) A flower may have either male or female reproductive parts. Such a flower is called unisexual flower.
(c) The transfer of pollen grains from the anther to the stigma of the same or of another flower of the same kind is known as pollination.
(d) The fusion of male and female gametes is termed as fertilisation.
(e) Seed dispersal takes place by means of wind, water and animal.

1. The birds were debating the result of the fight.

2. Many birds felt that the wolf was the winner.

3. According to a wise old bird, Chandani was the winner.

Imbibition is a special type of diffusion when water is absorbed by solids colloids causing them to enormously increase in volume. The classical examples of imbibition are absorption of water by seeds and dry wood.

Imbibition is also diffusion since water movement is along a concentration gradient, the seeds and other such materials have almost no water hence they absorb water easily. Water potential gradient between the absorbent and the liquid imbibed is essential for imbibition. In addition, for any substance to imbibe any liquid, affinity between the adsorbent and the liquid is also a prerequisite. 

Water molecules possess kinetic energy. In liquid and gaseous form they are in random motion that is both rapid and constant. The greater the concentration of water in a system, the greater is its kinetic energy or water potential. Hence, it is obvious that pure water will have the greatest water potential.

• The significance of transpiration are
• Increase the rate of water and mineral absorption. 
• Reduces leaf temperature resulting in cooling effect.
• Water is circulated within the plant body and maintains cell turgidity.
• Promotes the development of mechanical tissues.

Diffusion is a form of passive transport which takes place anywhere and the flow happens from high concentration to low concentration. Osmosis happens across a semipermeable membrane. For diffusion, the semipermeable membrane is not a precondition.

The osmotic potential is defined as the capability of a solution to suck water in if it was separated from another solution by a semipermeable membrane. It is always a negative number. Higher the negative number of the osmotic potential of a solution, the more it will suck water in. 

The terms isotonic, hypotonic and hypertonic describe the difference in osmotic pressure between the solutions with a certain osmotic potential. Two solutions are isotonic when the osmotic potentials are equal. When they are different, the one with the higher potential will have less pressure and the one with lower potential will have more pressure.

The number of stomata per square centimeter area of leaf is called stomatal frequency. 

The basic characteristics of tribal communities in India: Geographical isolation: They have usually a well- demarcated geographical territory. They live in clusters (called ‘padas’), which are generally located in remote forests and hilly areas. Today, however, many tribal people have migrated to rural villages and cities and in the course of time, they have mixed with non-tribal populations.

Economic life: They are engaged in varied occupations such as hunting, fishing, and food gathering of forest produce, basket making, weaving, iron-smith, etc. Besides, they also practice simple agriculture and shifting cultivation. Their economic activities are based on rudimentary technology, usually resulting in low productivity. They have a low level of literacy and poor health. In addition, their economic and infrastructural and marketing facilities are poor. Some tribes still depend on the barter system. These are among the few causes that leave them economically backward, at bare subsistence level, still leading a hand-to-mouth existence.

Sense of identity: Tribal folk nurture a sense of exclusive identity, which strongly binds them together as a community. This sense of identity is characterized by an awareness of territorial boundaries. The very existence of a tribe depends upon its sense of identity. Each tribe has a common name (e.g., Warli, Irula, Gond, Naga, Khasi) which adds to their sense of cohesion and solidarity.

Endogamous group: Tribal people generally do not marry outside their tribe. Marriage within the tribe is the usual norm. Marriage among tribals is based on the rule of tribal endogamy. It is viewed as a contract and usually, there are no taboos on divorce and remarriage. Recently, the increased mobility among the tribals has changed this condition and now, inter-tribal marriages are not uncommon.

Problems faced by the tribal community: Alienation from forest land: Many tribes engage in primary agriculture, food-gathering and hunting hence they are heavily dependent on the produce of the forest. Therefore, when outsiders exploit the tribal land and its resources, the natural eco-cycle and the tribal life dependent on it is greatly disturbed. Industrialization and construction of water reservoirs resulted in the further acquisition of land by the State.

Bonded labour: Though Bonded labour is banned by Indian Law, it still prevails in some tribal areas. Bonded labour is considered to be a serious problem, which started due to rampant poverty and lack of stable income among the tribals. In fact, land alienation, indebtedness, bonded labour, and poverty are problems that exist hand-in-hand. However, due to the efforts of the government and voluntary organizations, many tribals are being freed from this problem.

Shifting cultivation: Shifting cultivation among tribals is a problem since it involves largescale deforestation and soil erosion. Shifting cultivation is known by various names such as Jhum, Khallu, and Podu.

Illiteracy: Illiteracy among tribal is a major hindrance towards their development. School hours often clash with agricultural and wageearning activities of children. Children are looked upon as economic assets and are thus expected to supplement their parents’ income Also, schools are often not located in the vicinity of tribal settlements. The formal courses in schools are not taught in tribal languages, so children lose interest in learning, leading to a high dropout rate.

Transpiration is the evaporation of water from the aerial parts of plants, especially leaves but also stems flowers and roots. Leaf surface are dotted with openings called stoma that are bordered by guard cells. Collectively these structures are called stomata. Leaf transpiration occurs through stomata and can be thought of as a necessary cost associated with the opening of the stomata to allow the diffusion of carbon dioxide gas from the air for photosynthesis. Transpiration also cools plants and enables mass flow of mineral nutrients and water from roots to shoots. 

Correct Answer is: (B) Uracil

Uracil is also a pyrimidines base, but it is only found in RNA, not DNA. It is very similar to thymine expect it does not have the methyl group, so it acts differently from thymine.

Most tribes in India are divided into exogamous clans and lineages.

The internal community issues are managed by the tribal through tribal panchayat

Transpiration

• It is a physiological phenomenon.
• It is controlled process 
• It takes place through the surface of leaves, young stem, etc.
• Amount of water transpired is less.

Evaporation

• It is a simple physical phenomenon.
• It is not controlled. 
• It takes place through the surface of various open water bodies and does not require the living organs or plants.
• The amount of water evaporated is more.

After Independence, the Community Development Programme (CDP) was started in 1952

Correct Answer is: (C) Housefly

• Hermaphrodite organisms include worms. These worms have both female and male reproductive organs. 

• Thus, Hydra, Tapeworm, Ascaris (round worm), Earthworm are hermaphrodite organisms.

According to Rousseau, “In the state of nature, men used to live with simplicity and liberty. They were uncivilized and brutal but they were the best in their nature”. Rousseau has called them ‘Nobel Savage.’

• Wind: When the wind velocity is high the rate of transpiration increases.
• Humidity: higher the humidity the rate of transpiration decreases i.e. transpiration increases on a sunny day and decreases on a cloudy day.
• Temperature: higher the temperature greater is the rate of transpiration.

Correct Answer is: (C) Gene regulation 

• The operon model of prokaryotic gene regulation was proposed by Fancois Jacob and Jacques Monod. Groups of genes coding for related proteins are arranged in units known as operon. 

• An operon consists of an operator, promoter, regulator, and structural genes. If the repressor protein is removed, transcription may occur.

• According to Locke, state is based on public agreement 
• Locke explained two contracts. First contract created the society and state was created by the second contract.

The four environmental factors affecting transpiration are light intensity, temperature, wind velocity and humidity.

Rousseau supported the social contract theory of origin of state.

(b) continuous war

Correct Answer is: (A) Testes 

• It is specifically located in the convoluted seminiferous tubules (since this is the only place in the testes where the spermatozoa are produced).

• Development of Sertoli cells is directed by the testis-determining factor protein. 

• The supporting cells (Sertoli) are located within the seminiferous tubules. Their task is the creation of a hematoma-testicular barrier and the nourishment of the spermatozoa.

The main features of social contract theory of Locke are as under: 

• 1. According To Locke, two contracts were made to end the state of chaos 
•  Among themselves (Social Contract) 
• Contract with the government. First contract was among people and the state was originated. 

2. Second contract was done with the government. So being a party of contract, government, was bound to follow some conditions and the ruler could be changed if he failed to fulfill the conditions. 

3. According to the contract of Locke, the basis for the existence of state is to protect the natural rights of man. 

4. According to Locke, state is based on public agreement. 

5. If the government or ruler or king exploits the public, or becomes autocratic or acts selfishly, then public has the right that they can change the ruler or king or government and enter into a new contract with any other king or ruler. 

6. Locke supported limited monarchy through this contract.

(c) in general will

• Article 366 (25) of the Constitution of India refers to ‘Scheduled Tribes’ as those communities which are protected under a schedule, according to Article 342 of the Constitution. 
• As per this, Scheduled Tribes are groups or communities that have been declared by the President of India, as possessing the following characteristics: 
• Primitive traits 
• Geographic isolation 
• Distinct culture 
• Shy of contact with the larger community 
• Economic backwardness Scheduled Tribes’ can also be ascertained by the fact that they live apart in hills in isolation. 
• Example – Schedule Tribes in Island region Andamanese, Jarawas Nicobarese Onges

Correct Answer is: (A) 5^th June 

(a) one – half

Mahabharata is the name of an Indian scripture where social contract theory was mentioned.

(b) Locke and Rousseau

When the value of exports exceeds the value of imports, we call it Favourable Balance of Trade.

(d) Ryotwari

Sophist community.