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भोलानाथ के पिता उसको अपने साथ पूजा पर बैठाते। पूजा के बाद आटे की गोलियाँ लिए हुए गंगातट जाते। मछलियों को आटे की गोलियाँ खिलाते, वहाँ से लौटते हुए उसे पेड़ की झुकी डाल पर झुलाते। उनके इस कार्यव्यवहार से भोलानाथ में कई मानवीय मूल्यों का उदय एवं विकास होगा। ये मानवीय मूल्य हैं- 

1. भोलानाथ द्वारा अपने पिता के साथ पूजा-पाठ में शामिल होने से उसमें धार्मिक भावना का उदय होगा। 

2. प्रकृति से लगाव उत्पन्न होने के लिए प्रकृति का सान्निध्य आवश्यक है। भोलानाथ को अपने पिता के साथ प्रकृति के निकट आने का अवसर मिलता है। ऐसे में उसमें प्रकृति से लगाव की भावना उत्पन्न होगी। 

3. मछलियों को निकट से देखने एवं उन्हें आटे की गोलियाँ खिलाने से भोलानाथ में जीव-जन्तुओं के प्रति लगाव एवं दया भाव उत्पन्न होगा। 

4. नदियों के निकट जाने से भोलानाथ के मन में नदियों को प्रदूषण मुक्त रखने की भावना का उदय एवं विकास होगा। 

5. वृक्षों से निकटता होने तथा उनकी शाखाओं पर झूला झूलने से भोलानाथ में पेड़ों के संरक्षण की भावना विकसित होगी।

शिशु अपनी स्वाभाविक आदत के अनुसार अपनी उम्र के बच्चों के साथ खेलने में रुचि लेता है। उनके साथ खेलना अच्छा लगता है। अपनी उम्र के साथ जिस रुचि से खेलता है वह रुचि बड़ों के साथ नहीं होती है। दूसरा कारण मनोवैज्ञानिक भी है-बच्चे को अपने साथियों के बीच सिसकने या रोने में हीनता का अनुभव होता है। यही कारण है कि भोलानाथ अपने साथियों को देखकर सिसकना भूल जाता है।

Vegetable peels, broken items, torn clothes, used papers, pencil shavings, wrappers, packing papers, etc.

The garbage should be thrown in dustbins.

यह बात सच है कि बच्चे (लेखक) को अपने पिता से अधिक लगाव था। उसके पिता उसका लालन-पालन ही नहीं करते थे, उसके संग दोस्तों जैसा व्यवहार भी करते थे। परंतु विपदा के समय उसे लाड़ की जरूरत थी, अत्यधिक ममता और माँ की गोदी की जरूरत थी। उसे अपनी माँ से जितनी कोमलता मिल सकती थी, उतनी पिता से नहीं। यही कारण है कि संकट में बच्चे को माँ या नानी याद आती है, बाप या नाना नहीं। माँ का लाड़ घाव को भरने वाले मरहम का काम करता है।

If the garbage is thrown in a pit and the pit is covered with soil, the garbage mixes with soil. It turns into useful manure which is used to grow rich crops for our food.

Garbage is made of useless things.

If the garbage is thrown in a pit and the pit is covered with soil, the garbage mixes with soil. It turns into useful manure which is used to grow rich crops for our food.

Unused papers, metal items, toys, bags, clothes, etc.

We should not use polythene because it cannot be destroyed.

a. I tried to swallow the tablet with water. 

b. Farmers add manure to the soil. 

c. The potter moulded the clay into a pot. 

d. A heap of newspapers is lying on the table.

When animals swallow polythene bags, they choke and die.

a. I tried to swallow the tablet with water.
b. Farmers add manure to the soil.
c. The potter moulded the clay into a pot.
d. A heap of newspapers is lying on the table.

(i) Shivaji Maharaj captured Javali

(ii) Defeat of Afzalkhan

(iii) Shivaji Maharaj escaped from Panhala Fort

(iv) A treaty with Adilshah

Chhatrapati Rajaram Maharaj.

The Saraswati Mahal

Afzalkhan was a powerful and experienced Adilshahi General.

1. Yesaji Kank

2. Baji Pasalkar

3. Bapuji Mudgal

4. Kavji Kondhalkar

5. Jiva Mahala

6. Tanaji Malusare

7. Kanhoji Jedhe

8. Bajiprabhu Deshpande

9. Dadaji Narasprabhu Deshpande.

10. Narhekar Deshpande brothers

The Saraswati Mahal

(i) Shahajiraje was valiant, courageous, intelligent a great political expert.

(ii) He was an excellent archer.

(iii) He was also an expert in using the sword, patta and spear.

(iv) He loved his subjects.

(v) He had won many regions in Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. South India was in awe of him.

(vi) While Shivaji and Jijabai were at Bengaluru he had arranged for providing excellent education to Shivaji so as to enable him to become a king.

(vii) He himself aspired to established Swaraj by ousting the powers of foreign people. That is why he is known as Swaraj visionary.

(i) When Shivaji Maharaj took shelter in Panhala fort, Siddi soldiers laid siege to the fort for about five months.

(ii) Shivaji Maharaj found himself trapped inside the fort.

(iii) Netoji Palkar tried to raise the siege by attacking Siddi’s army from outside.

(iv) He couldn’t succeed as his forces were meagre (inadequate)

(v) Siddi showed no sign of relenting so he decided to have open talks with him.

(vi) Shiva Kashid, a brave youth who resembled Shivaji Maharaj in looks came forward.

(vii) He dressed up like Shivaji Maharaj and sat in a palanquin.

(viii) The palanquin left by the Raj-dindi gate and was captured by Siddi’s army and Kashid sacrificed himself for Swaraj.

(ix) In the meanwhile, Shivaji Maharaj left the fort using another route.

Correct answer is:
Lakhujiraje

(i) The Maval terrain was full of hills and valleys and was not easily accessible.

(ii) He made use of these geographical features of Maval very skilfully for the purpose of the foundation of the Swaraj.

Correct answer is: Panhala

1 – c

2 – d

3 – b

4 – a

Correct answer is:
Shahajiraje

Shivaji Maharaj captured the forts of Torana, Murumbdev, Kondhana and Purandar while laying the foundation of Swaraj.

Shivaji and Jijabai

Correct answer is:
Maval

Due to black soils having enough quantity of a mineral named Montmorillonite, they have water containing capacity for a long time.

Shivaji Maharaj attacked Javali and captured the region in 1656 CE.

Shivaji Maharaj established his post in Javali.

He also captured Raigad. He attained a huge wealth from Javali.

After this victory, his activities in Konkan increased.

He built the Pratapgad fort in the Javali valley.

In this way, the conquest of Javali increased his strength in all respects.

Correct answer is:
1636 CE

Shivaji Maharaj was bom on 19th February, 1630 and as per Hindu Calendar on Phagun Vadya Tritiya, Shaka year 1551.

• The forts situated within the jagir of Shivaji Maharaj were not under his control but were under the control of Adilshah.
• In those days, forts were of special significance.
• With a firm hold over a fort, it was possible to control the surrounding area. Hence, Shivaji Maharaj decided to acquire the forts that were within his own jagir.

On the basis of geographical conditions, alluvial soils are divided into three parts: 

1. older alluvial soil 

2. newer alluvial soil 

3. newest alluvial soil

Since cotton has been the most common traditional crop grown in the black soil areas, therefore it is also called cotton soil.

The transportation of soil takes place by the river flow, movement of glaciers, winds, oceanic currents etc

Black soil is mainly found in India in Maharashtra, western part of Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, northern Karnataka, Gujarat, South – eastern Rajasthan and western Part of Madhya Pradesh.

Shivaji Maharaj captured the Adilshahi forts of Panhala, Vasantgad and Khelna.

Shivaji Maharaj had posed a big challenge before the Adilshahi.

Therefore, Adilshah sent Siddi Jauhar, the Sardar of the Kamul region against Shivaji Maharaj in 1660 CE.

odd is: Mughals

Mountain soil lacks a well – developed profile, usually because it did not have enough time to develop. Along with this, mountain soil contains broad particles due to which vegetation part is not able to mix into it. So, as they are less – developed, mountain soils are also called immature soils.

Bangar is a slightly elevated terraced land of older alluvium soil, and due to its elevation, it is never prone to flooding.

Alluvial soil is the most fertile. The cultivation of grains is very rich in this soil due to its fertility. That is why, the regions of alluvial soil are populated densely. So, it is a very important soil for India.

On the basis of formation, there are two types of soil – local soil and transported soil.

In general, soil erosion can be defined as the wearing away of top soil. Top soil is the top – most layer of soil and it is the most fertile because it contains most of organic nutrient-rich materials. The main causes of soil erosion are soil compaction, low organic matter, loss of soil structure, poor internal drainage, salinization and soil acidity.

Black soil is formed by the weathering of lava and cooling down of lava after a volcanic eruption.

Soil erosion is the displacement of the upper layer of soil, and it is a form of soil degradation.

Soil is the thin layer of material covering the earth’s surface which is formed from the weathering rocks. It is mainly formed of mineral particles, organic materials, air, water and living organisms, all of which interact slowly and constantly.

Types of Soil: 

Indian soils have been classified into the following types on the basis of their structure and composition:

1. Alluvial soil 

2. Black or Lava soil 

3. Red soil 

4. Late – rite soil 

5. Mountain soil

1. Alluvial soil: This type of soil is found in the Great Northern plains of India. It is fine grained fertile soil, deposited by water flowing over flood plains, on river beds, and in India, it is spread, in an area of 8 lakh sq. km. Alluvial deposit, alluvial sediment, alluvium, alluvium – clayey or silt or gravel are its other names and it is carried by rushing streams and deposited where the stream slows down.

2. Black or Lava soil: This type of soil is found in lava region of South India and it stretches in an area of 5 lakh sq. km in India. It is formed by the weathering and cooling down of lava after a volcanic eruption. It is rich in humus, iron, and magnesia, lime and alumina. Since cotton has been the most common traditional crop grown in areas where black soils are found, so it is also called black cotton soil. It is also known as Regor soil. It requires very little irrigation.

3. Red Soil: It is porous soil. It does not have the capacity to maintain moisture. It needs irrigation after a few days. It is not fertile. It is brownish or reddish in colour. It contains ferrous particles. There are pebbles and stones also found in it. It lacks in calcium.

4. Late – rite Soil: Its colour is just like a clay brick. There is a primacy of pebbles in it. These types of soils are formed by the fragmentation of old rocks. There is an over – abundance of iron and aluminium, but lack of calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, sulpher and humus is found. On drying up, it becomes as hard as a stone. This soil is suitable for tea farming.

5. Sandy soil: Sandy soil is a naturally – occurring granular soil, composed of finally – divided rock and mineral particles. It has abundance of alkaline substances. There is lack of nitrogen and humus in it. Due to its dryness and porous nature, it is always transported. It proves to be fertile in the areas where irrigation facilities are available.

6. Mountain Soil: It is immature soil which is a mixture of tiny pebbles and stones. Its upper layer is thin as well as acidic. It is formed by smaller and larger particles. In the areas where this type of soil is found, terrace farming is done, under which cultivation of potato and tea is practiced and in the lesser fertile areas, pastures are seen.

In areas of alluvial soils, flooded rivers carry new silt along with them and form new layers of clay. In this way, the renewal of alluvial soils takes place every year.