Explore topic-wise InterviewSolutions in Current Affairs.

Yes, industrialisation brought about a drastic change in the social structure. Industrialisation created many class structures with the bourgeoisie and the prominent class attaining a higher social status and the workers were largely exploited. Even though it resulted in the production of more standardised products, generation of more employment opportunities, improved the choice of buyers, created additional investment and contributed to technology improvement. But it has adversely affected the lives of small artisans by closing down the local companies. It has also contributed to widespread unemployment, uncertainty in jobs and created a huge disparity in income distribution. 

Thus the commencement of industrialisation had a mixed impact with the bourgeoisie and merchants benefitting from the increased trade opportunities and the workers suffering for their survival. 

But the period had resulted in the generation of many values. The main that emerged during the period are:

• It resulted in the empowerment and development of women by extending their employment opportunities. 
• It gave emphasis to individualism and independence among both men and women. 
• It helped in doing away with the backward thinking in the rural areas and gave them a fair share of industrialisation in the beginning stages.

England was the hub of industrialisation that commenced in the early 18th century. The early factories were established in England by the 1730s. The number of factories increased dramatically in the late 18th century. The first good whose production boomed during this period was cotton. It was followed by the rapid establishment and expansion of the iron and steel industry.

The driving force of industrialisation was the inventions and technological changes of the 18^th century. These innovations increased the efficiency at each stage of production and enhanced the output produced per worker, especially in the case of cotton and other textile industry. Increased managerial efficiency also resulted in the expansion of production. This efficient management ensureda vigilant supervision and control over the production process, maintaining the quality and the regulation of the labour force employed. 

This led to the emergence of a new class of people called the bourgeoisie and gave more power to the aristocrats who benefitted largely from the trade prospects that arose from the increasing industrialisation. The merchants and entrepreneurs incurred huge profits from the increased industrialisation of the economy. 

Factories began to be considered as an inseparable part of England by the early 19^th century. But this did not hamper the production taking place in the bylanes and the workshops. This did not imply that there was a shortage of human labour. Poor peasants and others moved to the cities in search of jobs. This large inflow of labour reduced the wage rate. This enabled the industrialists to use all the available human labour and did not undertake capital investment in improving machinery. But the increased demand for labour reduced after a period when the industries were employed to their full capacity. Thus there were many unemployed workers who had to wait in poor conditions by living in the streets and sleeping under bridges till they were employed. 

In many industries the demand for labour was seasonal. Industries like gas works and breweries were seasonal with their demand during the cold seasons increasing rapidly. Thus the workers were employed in the peak seasons and they were largely unemployed during the off-season. Some returned back to villages and others started doing odd jobs during the period. 

Thus the commencement of industrialisation had a mixed impact with the bourgeoisie and merchants benefitting from the increased trade opportunities and the workers suffering for their survival.

(i) Imperialism was the ill-begotten child of industrialization.
(ii) Industrialization chiefly needed two things One of them being the constant supply of raw materials and the other is that the finished goods be sold at the same speed, 
(iii) The industrialized countries had introduced  heavy import duties as protective tariffs to check the import from other countries,
(iv) Faced with the problem of finding new markets for their products the 'producer nations chose'  such countries where industrialization had not yet reached.

(v) Hence a race for brings those areas under their effective occupation or effective influence started among the various industrialized nation. 
(vi) As a consequence, Britain France Germany Germany and Japan etc set up their colonies in Asia, Africa, and South America, etc.
(vii) Hence a race for bringing those areas under their effective Occupation or effective influence started among the various industrialized nations.

Reasons for growth of handloom production are :
(i) Adopting technological changes by the weavers to increase production without raising the costs.
(ii) Those who catered to the rich always had a demand for their goods. Examples: Banarasi and Baluchari sarees.
(iii) Mills could not imitate specialized weavers. Example: sarees with intricate borders, lungis, handkerchief.

The British and Indian manufacturers both started focussing on the international and overseas.

They emphasized more on expanding their business outside the respective countries and places.

Both the manufactures made exports their priority. This led to the expansion of their business.

The decision of MNCs to relocate production to Asian countries led to a stimulation of world trade and capital flows. This relocation was on account of low-cost structure and lower wages in Asian countries. It also benefitted the Asian nations because employment increased, and this resulted in quick economic transformation as well.

(i) The International Monetary Fund and the World Bank were created to meet the financial needs of the industrial countries.
(ii) When Japan and Europe rapidly rebuilt economies, they became less independent on the IMF and the World Bank.
(iii) Thus, from the late 1950s the Bretton Woods institutions, WB and IMF, began to turn their attention towards newly developing countries.
(iv) The newly independent countries facing problems of poverty came under the guidance of international agencies dominated by the former colonial powers.

The protest religion made popular by Bob Marley is Rastafarian. It was a religious and political movement in the West Indies. It had s different dress code of deadlocks and smoking of cannabis.

• Language and popular traditions are important in the creation of national identity. 
• National identity means people feeling that they belong to a nation irrespective of their caste, religion, colour, etc. 
• The language makes people identify themselves as a one race or a nation. 
• Also, the popular traditions such as Roman culture and tradition etc. easily attracted the people and strengthened the national integrity.

A person's cultural traditions and the language he speaks identify him as a member of a certain nation. The language, as well as traditional behaviours, typically develop and become established over hundreds of years. They provide an individual with a sense of self-identity regardless of where he is.

A Frenchman, for example, is likely to be fluent in the French language. He would also adhere to French traditions and practises wherever he goes in the world, as he was raised in a family who practised them since he was a toddler. As a result, he'll be recognised as a French citizen.

Language is important because it allows us to ask questions, respond to questions, communicate our thoughts and desires, and understand the expressions and sentiments of others. The tone of voice, gestures, emotions, expressions, and, of course, words can all be used to communicate.

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) can be highly useful for those who are nonverbal or who have difficulty communicating with natural speech alone. AAC can supply the words and methods for language expansion. It can assist you in participating in society and forming connections with the people and things around you.

Note: When you put it all together, it's evident that in order for something to be considered "language," it must have some kind of structure or rules. Others will be able to understand it because of these. Those who can communicate in the language are considered members of a community.

Chutney Music was popular in Trinidad and Guayana. It was a mix of music from different parts of the world which gave it a unique form. It was originally created by the Indo Carribean of the West Indies. It integrated different cultures and was formerly performed by women only. It also uses many folk instruments such as harmonium, drums, and dholak.

Barter system

The barter system was used as a mode of exchange before the advent of money in which a good is transferred for another good. It was done because no goods had the money or monetary value. Therefore, the goods were exchanged with each other.

Money is anything which has common acceptability as a means of exchange, a measure and a store of value. 

Modern money has been accepted as a medium of exchange because:

• It is authorised by the government of a India. 
• It is issued by the apex bank on behalf of the government. 
• No other individual is allowed to issue currency.
• The law of the country legalises its use as a medium of payment and setting transactions. 
• No one in a country can refuse payment made in the currency of that country.

(i) The Manchester made cloth carried a label with 'Made in Manchester' written in bold. This assured the buyers of the quality of the cloth.
(ii) The British manufacturers used images of Indian Gods and Goddesses on the labels. It symbolized the divine approval for the commodity' It also created familiarity with the Indian buyers.
(iii) Manufacturers got calendars printed with the images of Gods and the advertisement of their products advertisements make products appear' desirable and necessary.
The calendars were seen on the walls of hotels, tea shops, households, etc. These are used even by people who could not read.
(iv) Images of historical characters and heroes from the past were also displayed on calendars thus sending the message that the product was as worthy of respect as were these respectable characters.
(v) The Indian manufacturers printed the image of Bharat Mata and a nationalist message on the labels. They also printed 'Made in India' on the labels thus appealing to the nationalist sentiments. Most of the baby products carried the image of Lord Krishna to appeal to the religious sentiments.

(i) Factories in Manchester started producing cotton textiles for the domestic market.
(ii) The government put more import duties on the textile coming from India,to eneourage the,locat industries. As a result, the Indian weavers lost their overseas market.
(iii) Eventually, the Manchester goods started flooding the Indian markets also and it became difficult for the Indian weavers to compete with the low-cost Manchester cloth.

(iv) The British Government in India also levied more taxes on the handloom units which made the Indian textiles costlier in Indian markets when compared to the Manchester textiles.

(v) The Civil War in USA forced the British to buy more raw cotton from India for their Manchester textile industries. This created an acute shortage of raw material for the weavers and the Indian handloom industry collapsed.

Proto-industrialization refers to the system of industries that existed in Europe before the arrival of modern machine run factories Large-scale industrial production took place for an international market. It was based in the countryside, not in factories.
Effects :
(i) Open fields were disappearing and commons were being enclosed so common people had no alternative sources of income.
(ii) Many had small plots of land which could not provide work for all family members.
(iii) Merchants offered them advances to which they agreed.
(iv) They got a source of income which supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation

The Silk Road was a network of trade routes that went along the northern borders of China, India, and Persia and ended up in Eastern Europe near today’s Turkey and the Mediterranean Sea.

The Silk Road was important because it helped to generate trade and commerce between a number of different kingdoms and empires.

The route included a group of trading posts and markets that were used to help in the storage, transport, and exchange of goods.

Correct option is  (d) Baveru

(b) Naturalis Historia – Pliny the Elder

(i) Henry Ford adapted the assembly line of a Chicago slaughter house to his new car plant in Detroit.
(ii) The assembly line allowed a faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. It forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously.
(iii) This increased their efficiency in the single task and the speed of production too.
(iv) Standing in front of the conveyor belt, no worker could delay the motions or take a break.
(v) In the beginning, many workers quit, since they could not cope up with the stress of work.
(vi) Henry Ford doubled their wages and against that, he not only increased the speed of the production time but also banned trade unions from operating in his plants.

Correct option is  (b) Crows

A major development that took place in the 1920s in the US economy was the introduction of mass production. It was an important and notable feature of the industrial production of the country. Henry Ford had speeded up the production of cars using the assembly line system.

1. Henry Ford had adapted this idea from the assembly line system of the slaughter houses in Chicago. He had noticed that the slaughtered animals were collected through a conveyer belt by the butchers.

2. He then adapted this line into the production of cars. The idea behind this was that by the presence of a conveyor belt, the worker would work mechanically at an increased speed by doing the same work again and again.

3. This would also lead to the absence of any delay of work as the product would be in front of them at a conveyor belt.

4. This led to the production of cars only at a three-minute interval.

5. However, this also had a big disadvantage. With the increase in the work and necessary speed required to do so, many workers started to quit.

6. To retain the workers, Henry increased the wage to $5 in 1914. He also banned any form of train union.

This method of Ford soon spread to other parts. Since the cost had declined due to mass production, there was an increase in demand for cars by the workers earning higher incomes. The production of cars had increased from 2 million to 5 million within a span of ten years from 1929 to 1939.

Post First World War period economic conditions:
(i) Britain which was world's leading economy in the pre-war period faced a prolonged crisis.

(ii) Indian and Japanese industries were developed as Britain was occupied with war.
(iii) After the war, it was difficult for Britain to recapture its earlier position in the Indian market.
(iv) Britain was burdened with huge external debts from the US.

(v) The government reduced bloated war expenditure. This led to huge job losses and unemployment.

(vi) Grain prices witnessed a steep fall as wheat supply was disrupted during the First World War.

Correct Answer is  (c) Gandhara

Ford

Henry Ford had first developed the assembly line method of manufacturing cars in the USA in the 1920s. He had adopted it from the assembly line system in a slaughterhouse. He had noticed that the slaughtered animals were collected through a conveyer belt by the butchers. He then adapted this line into the production of cars. This led to an increase in the work speed of the worker and the absence of delay of any kind of work. This led to the production of cars only at a three-minute interval.

In the creation of national identity language and traditions are very important. 

a) A person is identified by his language and tradition because the language they speak belongs to his motherland. 

b) They give an identity to an individual. 

c) They are always alive but people are born and die.

Money is any item which is generally accepted as payment against any goods or services and repayment of debts. Money is widely accepted as a medium of exchange. Central Bank is the institution that authorizes money as a medium of exchange. Without money, all transactions would have to be conducted by barter, which involves direct exchange of one good or service for another. The difficulty with a barter system is that in order to obtain a particular good or service, one has to possess a good or service of equal value which the other party also desires. In other words, the exchange can take place only if there is a double coincidence of wants between the two parties. The chance of getting a perfect double coincidence of wants is negligible and makes the exchange difficult. Money eliminates this problem by serving as a medium of exchange that is accepted in all transactions, by all parties, irrespective of whether they desire each other’s goods and services.

Surat. The European companies gradually gained power by securing a variety of concessions from local counts and acquiring the monopoly rights of trade.

In the eighteenth century, it was not only the Indian subcontinent that was producing cotton, but other countries were also giving their best.

The East India Company was going well until in the eighteenth century the European country companies became their competitors. These European companies took the concessions on various reasons and taxes and took the monopoly right of trade among various places of the globe where textiles were high in demand. The Portuguese, French and Dutch came in the market as the major competitors for woven cloth. This affected the East India company textile production on a large scale.

(i) New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were Cautious about using it. 
(ii) The machines often broke down and repairs were costly. 
(iii) They were not much effective as compared to cheap labor.

(i) The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between Distance parts of the world. 
(ii) They were spread over land and sea knitting together vast regions of Asia and linking with Europe and Africa. 
(iii) They existed since before the Christian Era and thrived almost till the 15th century. 
(iv) Chinese pottery, textiles, and spices from India traveled to Europe. 
(v) In return, precious metals, gold, and silver flowed from Europe to Asia. 
(vi) Buddhism, Christian missionaries, Muslim preachers also traveled through this route to Asia.

Cowries were used in the ancient period as a form of currency.

Assembly Line was a method of faster and cheaper way of producing vehicles. This was introduced by Henry Ford. 

Assembly line forced workers to repeat a single task mechanically and continuously at a pace directed by conveyor belt.

(i) New technology was expensive and merchants and industrialists were Cautious about using it.
(ii) The machines often broke down and repairs were costly.
(iii) They were not much effective as compared to cheap labor.

The port of Surat declined by the end of the eighteenth century on account of the growing power of European companies in trade with India. They secured many concessions from local courts as well as the monopoly rights to trade. This led to a decline of the old ports of Surat and Hoogly from where local merchants had operated. Exports slowed and local banks here went bankrupt.

The two types of demands mentioned by Gandhiji in his letter to Viceroy Irwin on 31 January 1930 were:
(i) The reduction of land revenue.
(ii) The abolition of the salt tax.
But abolition of 'salt tax' was most stirring demand because Gandhiji knew that salt-tax affected all sections of society, especially the poor.

(i) The silk routes are a good example of vibrant pre-modern trade and cultural links between distant parts of the world.
(ii) The name'silk routes point to the importance of west-bound Chinese silk cargoes along this route.
(iii) Precious metals-gold and silver, etc., flowed from Europe to Asia. Chinese potteries, textiles from China and spices from India were traded.
(iv) Various food items offer very good examples of long-distance cultural exchanges.
(v) Christian missionaries, Muslim preachers, and Buddhist monks traveled through this route.

These were the routes which connect vast regions of Asia and linked Asia with Europe and N-Africa. 

The silk route was majority used to transport Chinese silk to Europe through Central Asia from 2^nd century BC. 

Gold and silver travelled through the silk route. 

Chines potteries travelled from china to other countries through this route.

Silk

In the 8th century, silk was among the first goods to be transported from China in Asia to Europe and South Africa. Hence, the name 'Silk Route'. This eventually became a very important link to connect many countries in the pre-trade era. Soon, textiles and spices also began to be traded from India and South Asia. Also, precious metals such as gold and silver were imported from Europe to Asia. This route helped not only for the trade of goods but also for the exchange of cultural ideas and knowledge. Many Christian and Muslim scholars travelled through this route. Later, Buddhism also spread in the same manner.

The working condition for the indentured migrant overseas were:- 

a) Labours found extremely horrible and miserable leaving and working conditions when they arrived at the plantation. 

b) Working hours were very long. 

c) Labours did not have any legal rights. 

The different cultural form blended into new forms-

a) The annual Muharram procession was converted into a riotous carnival called ‘Hosay’ in which workers of all races and religious joined in Trinidad. 

b) The protest religion of Rastafarianism made famous by the Jamaican reggae star Bob Marley is also said to reflect social and cultural with Indian migrants to the Caribbean. 

c) ‘Chutney music’, popular in Trinidad and Guyana, is another creative contemporary expression of the post-indenture experience. 

d) These forms of cultural are part of the making of the global world, where things form different places get mixed, lose their original identity and become entirely new.

(i) Many peasants had tiny plots of land which could not provide work for all members of the household.
(ii) So when merchants came around and offered advances to produce goods for them, peasant households eagerly agreed.
(iii) By working for the merchants, they could remain in the countryside and continue to cultivate their small plots.
(iv) Income from proto-industrial production supplemented their shrinking income from cultivation. It also allowed them a fuller use of their family labor resources.

In the seventeenth century, merchants from towns in Europe began employing peasants and artisans within the villages because production in urban areas could not be increased due to the presence of powerful trade guilds. These maintained control over production, regulated prices and competition, and restricted the entry of new people in the trade. Monopolisation was also a common tactic. In the countryside, there were no such rules, and impoverished peasants welcomed these merchants.

(i) Seasonal demand for laborers in industries.
(ii) The range of products could be produced only with handlooms.
(iii) For certain products only human, skill was required.
(iv) Upper-class society preferred things produced by hands.
(v) Handmade products symbolized refinement of class.

(i) The vast mass of one room house occupied by the poor was seen as a serious threat to public health.

(ii) Cities were overcrowded, badly ventilated and lacked sanitation.

(iii) There were worries about fire hazards created by poor housing.

(iv) There was a widespread fear of social disorder, especially after the Russian Revolution in 1917.

(v) Workers' mass housing schemes were planned to prevent the London,s poor from turning rebellious.

(i) Poor peasants and vagrants moved to cities in large number in search of jobs, waiting for work.
(ii) There was plenty of labor and their wages were low.
(iii) Industrialists had no shortage of labour.
(iv) They did not want to introduce machines or large investment.