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Government responsible to the people, upliftment in the living standard of the people, creation of society with justice and welfare.

The Indian Constitution shows the fundamental nature of the society and the type of government in a country. e.g., India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular and Democratic Republic. These words are the ideals of the society.

Features of the Indian Constitution

1. Written detailed Constitution: It took 2 years, 11 months and 18 days to prepare the Constitution. 

2. Sovereignty: Sovereign power lies with the people of India. The constitution has been made by the people, for the people and dedicated to the people of India. Thus, the supreme power is vested in the people. 

3. Secular State: No state religion in India, all the religions are equally respected. 

4. Rigid and Flexible: Some constitu¬tional amendments can be made by a simple majority making it flexible, others by 2/3rds majority and some also need ratification by at least half of the state legislatures making the constitution rigid. 

5. Parliamentary System: The Parliament is the supreme body. In a Parliamentary form of government, a distinction is made between the head of the State and the head of the government. The President is the Head of the state and the Prime Minister is the head of the government. Though the government is carried out in the name of the President at the Centre and the Governor in the states, actual admin¬istration is carried out by the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers at the Centre and the Chief Ministers in the States. 

6. Independent Judiciary: The Supreme Court is the apex Judicial body. Judicial system is fair and impartial and is independent of executive and legislature. 

7. Welfare State: State performs all those functions which promote the public welfare. 

8. Fundamental Rights: For all round development of citizens there are six rights and the 7th right i.e right to property has been deleted. 

9. Fundamental Duties: By 42nd Amendment, 1976,10 duties were added to the Constitution and by 86th Amendment too has been included. 

10.Federal System: India is a union of states i.e. there are union and the state governments. Powers are divided among them as given in the three lists i.e. Union list, State list and Concurrent list. 

11.Single Citizenship: Every Indian is the citizen of India only and not of any state. 

12.Supporter of World Peace: India is a peace-loving country and believes in the principle of maintaining good, cordial and peaceful relations with other countries. 

13.Universal Adult Franchise: Voting right is given to the citizens at the age of 18 years irrespective of caste, community, race, religion, qualification of education or property. No voting right is given to the lunatics, bankrupts and criminals of serious nature.

The Indian Constitution declared caste discrimination and untouchability illegal. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a leading figure in the making of India’s Constitution, pleaded for complete eradication of social evils. Thus, the Indian Constitution declared that the state shall not allow discrimination on the basis of caste or creed, and that there shall be equality of opportunity in matter of education, public employment, etc.

Correct Answer is : (c) Cabinet

The Fundamental Duties of the citizens of India are as follows: 

1. to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals, the National Flag and the National Anthem. 

2. to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom. 3. to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India. 

4. to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so.

5. to promote harmony and spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcending religious, linguistic and regional or sectarial diversities, to renounce practices derogatory to dignity of women. 

6. to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture. 

7. to protect and improve the National environment. 

8. to safeguard public property and to abjure violence. 

9. to develop the scientific temper, humanism and spirit of inquiry and reform. 

10.to safeguard public property and abjure violence. 

11.to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activities so that the nation constantly rises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement.

(d) Dr. Ambedkar

Correct option is (b) 4, 3, 2, +½

For an electron is 4f orbital

n = 4 and for ‘f’ orbital l = 3

Possible values for m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, +3

and for S = +½ and -½

So out of given choices ‘b’ is the correct choice.

1p, 2d, 3f are not possible.

For 4f orbital n = 4 and f orbital l = 3. 

∴ n + l = 4 + 3 = 7

The maximum value for l is 4.

1/2 or - 1/2

It was added in 1976.

The words “Socialism” and “Secular” were added to the preamble by the 42^nd amendment.

The Preamble means Introduction or Preface of the Constitution. It embodies the basic philosophy and fundamental values like moral, religious and political on which the Constitution is based.

The Preamble of the Indian Consti¬tution is based on the Objectives Resolution drafted and moved by Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru and adopted by the Constituent Assembly.

Preamble of India We, the People of India, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic and secure to all its citizens.

1. Justice, social economic and political. 

2. Liberty of thought expression, belief, faith and worship. 

3. Equality of states and of opportunity; and to promote among them all. 

4. Fraternity assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation. 

5. In our Constituent Assembly on this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do hereby Adopt, Enact and Give to Ourselves this Constitution.

The Indian Constitution guarantees the following six Fundamental Rights to the citizens of India

1. Right to Equality: Equal opportunities of employment to all irrespective of caste, race, colour, religion etc., equality before law, abolition of untouchability, special provision of reservation for the backward classes. 

2. Rights to Freedom of Speech and Expression: 

This includes 

1. right to freedom of speech and expression 

2. right to form associations 

3. the right to move freely and reside in any part of the country 

4. right to choose any profession, occupation or business. 

3. Right against Exploitation: Ban on the employment of children below the age of 14 in hazardous places like mills or mines. 

4. Right to Freedom of Religion: All religions are alike and are free in their ways of worship, propagation and practice, no undue state interference. 

5. Cultural and Educational Rights: No discrimination against any script, language, Culture of any community by the state since India is a land of unity in diversity. 

6. Right to Constitutional Remedies: Under this provision the Supreme Court, or the High Court protects the Fundamental Rights of the citizens by issuing various kinds of writs.

The word secular was added.

(b) 26 November, 1949

(d) All of these

1. Alumina 

2. Silica gel

For f orbital ‘l’ value is 3. If l is 3, then m takes values from – 3 to + 3. 

So the minimum value for m_l is – 3 and maximum value is + 3.

Given l = 3. 

Then possible values for m_l is 2l + 1.

∴ Maximum possible values = 2(3) +1 = 7

Maximum of 32 e- can be accommodated in N shell of an atom.

Three subatomic particles present in atom are electrons, protons and neutrons

For f-subshell, 

l = 3. 

Therefore, 

m_l has seven values : 

+ 3, + 2, + 1, 0, -1, -2, -3.

m_l = 2l + 1 = 2(4) +1=9.

Correct Answer is: (a) 1976

Symbol of the outermost shell of magnesium (3rd shell) = M 

No. of electrons in outermost shell of Magnesium = 2.

The outermost shell is N shell.

(a). Maximum of 2 e- can be accommodated in innermost shell of an atom. 

(b). Maximum of 8 e- can be accommodated in outermost shell of an atom.

Option : (D) liquid and liquid

Two electrons are there in outermost shell.

Option : (C) Paper chromatography

Correct option is  D) -l , +l

In partition chromatography, both stationary and mobile phases are in liquid state.

The number of sub-shells in a principal energy shell is n (n is principal quantum number).

3 sum-shells.

Answer is 16

i) The outermost shell is p(n = 6).

ii) Two electrons are there in outermost shell. 

iii) Its atomic number is 56. 

iv) The electronic configuration of element is 1s²2s²2p⁶3s² 3p⁶ 4s²3d¹⁰4p⁶5s²4d¹⁰5p⁶ 6s^2.

Partition chromatography is based on continuous differential partitioning of components of a mixture between stationary and mobile phases.

Solid (crude/impure) organic compounds can be purified by crystallization.

When n = 4
l = 0,1,2,3.
l = 0; 4s- subshell
l = 1; 4p - subshell
l = 2;4d- subshell
l = 3; 4f - subshell
There are 4-subshells.
No. of electrons present in the subshells having m_s value of 1/2 for n = 4 are 16.

Correct option is: C) 3

Correct option is  B) 2l + 1

1. Given valence electronic configuration is 4s¹. 

2. So n = 4 for ‘s’ sub shell l = 0 and if l is ‘O’ then m is also zero. 

3. m_s takes only two values that is + 1/2 or - 1/2 for convenience we can take m as + 1/2

∴ The quantum number values are like this

4. The element is potassium. 

Correct option is C) 3

For M shell n = 3 

The number of sub-shells in M shell is 3.

Process of paper chromatography :

• The mixture of the compound to be analysed is dissolved in a suitable solvent and spotted on the chromatography paper about 2 cm from one end of the paper using a glass capillary.
• The paper is then suspended in a chamber containing the mobile phase.
• The mobile phase rises up the paper and flows over the spot, due to capillary action.
• Different solutes are retained differently on the paper depending on their selective partitioning between the two phases. The paper strip so developed, is known as chromatogram.