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(d) All these

The seats won by Congress in the election of the Constituent Assembly were 208

(c) H.C. Mukherji

(b) Sachchiddanand Sinha

(a) on December 9, 1946

The first meeting of the Constituent Assembly took place in the Central Hall of present parliament house on December 9, 1946.

The only congress member of drafting committee of Constituent Assembly was Dr. K.M. Munshi.

The number of members who participated in the first meeting of the Constituent Assembly was 211

Results of the election of Constituent Assembly:

Elections for 296 members of British India were held in July-August 1946, through provincial legislature. This election was contested mainly on party basis. Indian National Congress won 208 seats, 73 seats were won by Muslim League and small parties.

The Princely States kept a distance from these elections. In the beginning all the reserved seats for princely states remained vacant. But in course of time, the representatives of these states were also chosen (nominated) and they joined the Constituent Assembly.

In 1940. It is also known as August Proposal.

• Pt. Jawahar Lai Nehru
• Dr. Bhim Rao Ambedkar
• Sardar Ballabh Bhai Patel
• Acharya J.B. Kriplani.

On March 24, 1946.

Cabinet Mission Plan

Mahatma Gandhi and Mohammad Ali Jinnah.

Answer is B. Netaji

C. Captain Mohan Singh

296 seats to British India and 93 to Princely states.

Equality of Opportunities : 

Equality of opportunites means that the state would provide equal chances of proper development for its all people without any discrimination on the basis of caste, creed, religion and gender. All citizens must have equal opportunities for their educational, occupational, cultural, political and spiritual development. Equality of opportunities has been ensured by our constitution.

B. ‘Chalo Delhi’

(c) Political equality

The Concept of Rule of Law : 

The rule of law refers such rule which does not discriminate on the basis of caste, creed, religion or gender and treats all equally and punishes the criminal on the basis of his/her crime. 

The rule of law is the base of democratic system. In such type of rule, the ruler and the ruled both are under the law. It means law is above all. The rule is under the law and defined by law. The rights of a person do not depend on the monopoly of the ruler but are protected by law. In the rule of law all people are equal.

D. In Singapore

Yes, of course, uninterrupted liberty is not possible today. It is because, at present we lack all those qualities in our society which are necessary for uninterrupted liberty.

For uninterrupted liberty, it is necessary for the public of a country or state that it should be well awaken and ready to protect its liberty. Each and every citizen should understand the value of liberty and should be ready to sacrify for the sake of it. Superficial or duplicate patriotism is dangerous. Democratic rule is also necessary for uninterrupted liberty because in such political system, the government is responsible towards public and thus public understands the value of liberty. In other forms of government, the public is exploited by the rule and therefore majority of citizens remain unable to differntiate between liberty or slavery.

Apart from this, there must be clear demarkation among the powers of different departments of government. It is because there should be no confusion regarding rights and responsibilities. For uninterrupted liberty, our society must be broadminded and free from prejudices based on caste, creed, religion and gender. These things weaken our unity and integrity and finally our strength is crushed. There should be perfect rule of law and it should not discriminate on the basis of narrow minded traditions. Fair public opinion and freedom of press are very essential for the defence of freedom. Obstacles in the Path of Liberty.

Following are the main obstacles in the path of uninterrupted liberty :

1. Lack of awareness towards liberty. 

2. Lack of education. 

3. Poverty, unemployment and lack of resources. 

4. Interruption of executive in the working of judiciary. 

5. Lack of respect towards constitutional values. 

6. Monopoly of executive. 

7. Fear of anti national and criminal elements.

Besides these obstacles, it is being seen that the governments are rapidly increasing their rights and powers in the name of public welfare. Due to these activities, the personal liberty is decreasing. The control of governments is gradually increasing over the tasks of society and state. Legislature is continuously promoting the power of government and due to which the liberty is contracting. Ministers and bureaucrats are attacking over the liberty of the person day by day by the rules and laws. Governments are neglecting the public opinion and thus there are many factors which are obstacle in the path of liberty of a person.

Laski’s views on the concept of Equality : 

Equality signifies that socio-political condition of a society in which its every member is able to get equal opportunities of educational, economic, political, social, spiritual upliftment. Laski has written, “Equality does not mean that every person should be treated in the same manner or every worker should be given the same wages.” If a labourer’s salary is made equal to a scientist or a famous mathematician then the purpose of society will disappear. According to Laski, equality means there should be no privilege to any class of society and all should have equal opportunities or chances for their all round development.

Naturally, all person are born in identical form. There develops dissimilarities because of man-made circumstances. In reality, equality is such a situation wherein all the persons get similar opportunities for the development of their existence. But, as a matter of fact and practically, all the persons cannot be the same in the society. The main reason of this is that all persons do not possess equality in terms of physical and mental capabilities.

Laski says, “The meaning of equality does not imply that every person should get similar treatment or similar wages. If the wages of a labourer is made equal to that a of scientist or a mathematician, the object of the society will get destroyed. Therefore, the meaning of equality is that no privileged class should exist and all should get equal opportunity to progress.”

Basic Features of Equality : 

1. Similar behaviour with equal person. 

2. Same opportunity of progress to all persons. 

3. Same attitude and behaviour to all by State and Society. 

4. Protection of rights and repute of all. 

5. No discrimination against anyone on the basis of caste, creed, sect, gender, language, place of birth, property, nationality. 

6. Similar importance to all persons in society.

Types of Equality : 

• Civic Equality : 

It refers to equal rights to all the persons. It generates a sence of cohesions and dedications towards the state. 

• Political Equality : 

Political equality is the base of democracy. All should get equal right to contest elections and holding official posts. 

•  Social Equality : 

In social context, all should have equal rights. 

• Natural Equality : 

This concept implies that all are born equal by nature. Circumstances make distinctions. 

• Economic Equality : 

It means all should have equal opportunity to work. 

• Cultural Equality : 

Similar behaviour in majority and minority classes is cultural equality. 

• Legal’Equality : 

All are equal before the law and Justice governing the nation. 

• Equality of Opportunity: 

All should get equal opportunity without discrimation on the basis of caste, creed, sect, gender, religion etc.

• Equality of Education: 

Equal Education refers to equal and similar opportunity to all the persons in respect of attaining education.

Polard said it.

Hobes said it “Liberty means complete absence of prohibition and control.”

Interrelation between Freedom and Equality : 

Freedom and equality are interrelated. Both affect the life of a person. But there are two streams of scholars. One of them supports this view while other consider freedom and equality as contradictory to each other. Among those who consider freedom and equality as complementary to each other are Rousseau, Polar, Herbert, etc. Rousseau has written, “Freedom cannot survive without equality.”

According to Polard : 

“The only solution to the problem of freedom is within equality. The real development of a person is possible only by the conservation of these freedom and equality.”

The thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi regarding the concept of freedom are most appropriate. He says, 

“Freedom does not mean lack of control but the state of development of personality. Freedom without control is useless.”

But there are also some political thinkers who say that freedom and equality are contradictory to each other. They say that where there is equality, there is no freedom. And where there is freedom, the equality cannot remain there. They say that the concept of equality is itself against law of nature. The unequality is given to us by nature. All people are not equal. Some are able and intelligent while others are weak and moderate.

Briefly we can say that from political and social point of view, freedom and equality are complementary to each other. Without equality, we cannot form stable society or government and we cannot protect freedom.

(c) Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Correct option is C) 1 & 3

B) Yasar Arafat – Lebanon

B) Riots took place here due to Direct Action by Muslim League in 1946

Correct option is C) Lucknow

B) 1 – Pakistan

C) Mountbatten

A) It was an agitation of poor peasants

The demands of Andhra Maha Sabha in 1935: 

1. Compulsory primary education should be implemented. 

2. Mother tongue (Telugu) should be the medium of instruction.

C) Mountbatten

(C) Both A & B

A) This Movement was started in Telangana

(A) July 1946

(A) Madapati Hanumantha Rao

Andhra Maha Sabha was formed in 1930

(B) Communists

Answer is (C) 4000

(D) All the above

(D) All the above

Answer is (B) 1942

National Emergency can be declared under the Article 352, whereby the security of India is threatened by war or external aggression or armed rebellion. The term internal disturbance that was used to declare Emergency in 1975 was replaced by the term armed rebellion in 1978 so that it may not be misused again.

(C) P.V. Narasimha Rao