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ThePauli exclusion principleis thequantum mechanicalprinciple which states that two or moreidenticalfermions(particles with half-integerspin) cannot occupy the samequantum statewithin aquantum systemsimultaneously.

According to Paulie's exclusion principle the quantum number of two electron can be not same .

Uncertainty principle, also calledHeisenberg uncertainty principleorindeterminacy principle, statement,articulated(1927) by the German physicistWerner Heisenberg, that the position and thevelocityof an object cannot both be measured exactly, at the same time, even in theory. The very concepts of exact position and exact velocity together, in fact, have no meaning in nature.

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It is mainly focused on detectingionsin anaqueoussolution, so that materials in other forms may need to be brought into this state before using standard methods. The solution is then treated with variousreagentsto test forreactionscharacteristic of certain ions, which may cause color change, solid forming and other visible changes.

(i)To find which substance has been reduced we look at the oxidation states.The oxidation state of oxygen has been changed from 0 to -1. So it has been reduced, so the reducing agent is NH3(ii)Iron is reduced from a +3 to 0 so CO is the reducing agent.

hydrogen can be applied as a reducing agent for the production of many metals. It has found commercial application for the synthesis of platinum group metals, some rare metals such as germanium and rhenium, and for the production of special grades of metals (e.g., fine nickel and cobalt powders) However, hydrogen is primarily applied for the synthesis of tungsten and molybdenum, with very pure metal powders resulting from the hydrogen reduction of their oxides. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art and recent research on reduction by hydrogen.

A) The oxidation state of Oxygen is reduced, from 0 to -1. So Ammonia is reducing agent. Nitrogen and hydrogen are oxidized to a state of +2 and +1 respectively.

b) Flourine is reduced to floride ion.. oxidation state of -1.Water is the reducing agent.. c) Iron is reduced from an oxidation state of +3 to 0.. Carbon is oxidized from +2 state to +4. so carbon monozide is reducing agent.

pb is reduced in 1 and and carbon is oxidized

2Mg+ O2=2MgO is the balanced equation

This is combination reaction and endothermic reactionWhen magnesium rested with oxygen present in atmosphere it gives magnesium chloride 2Mg + O2 ----> 2MgO

option C

Quinone doesn't show tautomerism Tautomerism essentially requires the presence of α-hydrogen (its the hydrogen atom present generally adjacent to the functional group, or the hydrogen atom present on the carbon which is adjacent to the carbon attached to the functional group).

Quinone has an α-hydrogen, however, its a vinylic hydrogen(hydrogen attached to a carbon atom which is sp2 hybridized), its very difficult to abstact such a hydrogen, and hence it becomes very less acidic. Therefore, no abstraction of α-hydrogen from it, by a base, hence, it does not show tautomerism!

A: CH3CHO ethanalB: CH3CH2OHCH2CHOC: CH3CHCHCHOD: CH3C(H)(OH)(CN) cyanohydrin

The most reactive metal on the periodic table is francium.

Uranium, element 92, are man-made

Thegreenhouse effectis a natural process that warms the Earth's surface. When the Sun's energy reaches the Earth's atmosphere, some of it is reflected back to space and the rest is absorbed and re-radiated bygreenhouse gases.

The most reactive non-metal is Fluorine.

Themost reactive nonmetalis fluorine. Fluorine is a halogen, which is Group 17 on the periodic table, and the halogens are themost reactive nonmetals. This is because they all have one empty space in their valence electron shells.

2 Methyl prop-1-ene is the iupac name of that alkene and it`s structural formula is ch3-c(ch3)=ch2.This process is known as ozonolysis

InNucleophilic substitutionreactions aryl halides (haloarenes) are less reactive due to the following reasons:

The primary reaction of aromatic compounds isElectrophillicsubstitutionbecause of the aromaticity which benzene posseses.

Benzene itself acts as anuceophilewhich isn't in the favour of nucleophilic substitution reactions.

Also, in haloarenes theC-Xbond (carbon halogen bond) has a double bond characters due to the lone pair of halogens.

Whereas theC-Xbond in alkyl halides is comparitively weaker with respect to the resonance stabilisedC-Xbond in aryl halides.

Thus we can conclude that haloalkanes are more reactive than haloarenes.

Reactions of ozone withetheneand propene leading to primary ozonide (concerted and stepwiseozonolysis) or epoxide and singlet molecular oxygen (partialozonolysis) are studied theoretically. The mechanism of concertedozonolysisproceeds via a single transition structure which is a partial diradical.

Ethyne is more reactive than ethene because it has two π-bonds which makes it weakerthan ethene…A support to my answer is the acidic nature ofethyne.In water theethyne readily donates its H-atom . ... The single bond is themoststable ,hence the leastreactivebecause the two electrons aremorecomfy in their orbits.

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Ans :- Etheneis an unsaturated compound.it has one double bond. WhenBromine water(brown in colour) is added toetheneitreactswith etheneto form a new compound 1,2 dibromoethane which is colourless.The colour ofbromine wateris gone now.

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Answer:d)200uExplanation:The weighted Average atomic mass of element [x]=0.9(200)+0.08(199)+0.02(202)=180+15.92+4.04=199.96amu≈200 amu

The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally occurring element X is closest to 200 amu

As ethanol is primary alcohol, so on oxidation of ethanol by nascent oxygen (obtained from K2Cr2O7+Dil.H2SO4) it forms aldehyde(acetaldehyde) first and then again on further oxidation by nascent oxygen it forms acetic acid or ethanoic acid (carboxylic acid).

Step 1:—

CH3CH2OH + [O] → CH3CHO + H2O

Step 2:—

CH3CHO +[O] → CH3COOH

(Reaction takes place in presence of oxidizing agent K2Cr2O7 + Dil.H2SO4

K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4(Dil.) → K2SO4 +Cr(SO4)3 + 4H2O + 3[O]. )

The weighted Average atomic mass of element [x]=0.9(200)+0.08(199)+0.02(202)=180+15.92+4.04=199.96amu≈200 amu

The weighted average atomic mass of the naturally occurring element X is closest to 200 amu

Let the vapour pressure of pure octanebe p10.

Then, the vapour pressure of the octane after dissolving the non-volatile solute is 80/100 p10= 0.8 p10.

Molar mass of solute, M2= 40 g mol- 1

Mass of octane,w1= 114 g

Molar mass of octane, (C8H18), M1= 8 × 12 + 18 × 1 = 114 g mol- 1

Applying the relation,

(p10-p1)/p10=(w2xM1)/ (M2xw1)

⇒(p10-0.8 p10)/p10=(w2x114)/ (40x 114)

⇒ 0.2p10/p10 =w2/ 40

⇒ 0.2 =w2/ 40

⇒w2= 8 g

Hence, the required mass of the solute is 8 g.

Most of thecarbon compoundsgive a lot of heat and light when burnt in air. Saturated hydrocarbons burn with a clean flame and no smoke is produced. Thecarbon compounds,usedas afuel, have high calorific values. Therefore,carbon and its compoundsareused as fuelsfor most applications.

∆H = 25×7.8 × 1000/(25×0.2) = 7800/0.2 = 39000cal/mol = 39kcal/mol

When hydrogen atoms combine to form molecules of hydrogen, 433 KJ/mol energy is released.



Whenever atoms combine to form a molecule ,there is always decrease in the energy. Actually, when two H atoms are far separated, they do not have any force of interaction (attractive or repulsive). As they tend to come closer, two different forces operates:

(a) The nucleus of one H is attracted towards the electrons of the other H atoms & Vice versa. The energy is released in attraction.

(b) The nuclei of the atoms as well as their electrons repel each other. Energy is needed to overcome the force of repulsion.

Now in case, if the magnitude of the attractive forces is more than that of the repulsive forces, a stable molecule will be formed.

However, if the repulsive forces are more than the attractive forces , then the atoms will not combine.

Kharif crops need lot of rainfall whereas wheat need winter season and not rainfall so if wheat is sown in kharif season the crop will be damaged due to rain and there will be collection of water in the fields

The oxidation of nitrogen in NH4+ is -3. The hydrogen atoms have +1 and there are four of them. And net charge on the molecule is +1. Let nitrogen's oxidation state be x. Therefore, (4×(+1)) + x = +1. Hence, x is -3.

The oxidation number nitrogen of NO3- is +5. The oxygen atoms have -× and there are 3 of them. And net charge on the molecule is -1. Let the oxidation state of nitrogen be x. Therefore, (3×(-2)) + x = -1. Hence, x = +5.

As you can see, both the nitrogen have different oxidation states. For numerical purposes however, we can assume that each nitrogen is in +1 and overall oxidation state of nitrogen +2.

Using the formula calculate the oxidation state of a single atom of carbon: 6x + 5 + x + 1 + (-2) =0 x=-4/7 Since the question asks for the “sum” of oxidation states of all C atoms (which are 7 in no.): Answer will be (-4/7)*7 That is -4.

Minimum 4 carbon atoms are required for alkenes to show position isomerism( if there is no functional group other than the double bond).

For example butene has two positional isomers:-

For partial pressure to be same.. , no. of moles of both the gasses should be same.

moles of CO = 70/28 = 5/2 moles = 2.5 moles

now moles of CH4 should be 2.5 so, mass = 2.5*16 = 40g

NaHCO3 is the correct answer

NaHCO3 is the answer

The no. of monomeric units in a macromolecule is said to be degree of polymeristaion.

The degree of polarization (uniformity) has attracted increased interest as a functional contrast in optical coherence tomography (OCT).

KO2 is a superoxide in which, only one electron is released from the dioxygen atom and a superoxide ion is represented as 02 . So, in KO2 the oxygen atoms bear -1/2 oxidation state and they also behave as a free radical species, having an unpaired electron. We know that a molecule becomes paramagnetic due to the presence of unpaired electrons. Hence, KO2 behaves as paramagnetic molecule.

In vapour state, Sulphur partly exists as S2molecule, which has two unpaired electrons in antibinding pie orbitals, just like the O2molecule. Hence, it exhibits paramagnetism.