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Methods:

1. surgical methods

2. physical barrier

3. chemical methods

4. Intrauterine devices

Justification:

1. they control the no. of children

2. which in turn makes the family peaceful

3. they keep the woman healthy.

(i) The economic inequality between the Dutch speaking and French-speaking was the basic cause of tension.
(ii) The French-speaking community who was in minority was relatively rich and powerful whereas the Dutch-speaking community who was in majority was poor.
(iii) This was resented by the Dutch-speaking community who for the benefit of economic development and education much later.
(iv) The tension between the two communities was more acute in Brussels. Brussels presented a special problem : the Dutch speaking people constituted a majority in the country, but a minority in the capital.
(v) Between 1970 and 1993, the Belgium government amended their constitution four times so as to work out an arrangement that would enable everyone to live together within the same country. 

Once the East India Company established political power, it started asserting monopoly right to trade. It proceeded to develop a system which gave it control to eliminate all competition, control costs and ensure regular supply of cotton and silk goods. It took the following steps. First, it eliminated the existing traders and brokers and established direct control over the weaver. It appointed a special officer called the 'gomastha' to supervise weavers, collect supplies and examine the quality of the clothes.
Second, it prevented the Company weavers from dealing with other buyers. They advanced loans to weavers purchase the raw materials, after placing an order. The ones who took loans had to give their cloth to the gomashta. They could not sell it to any other trader.

Weavers took advance, hoping to earn more. Some weavers even leased out their land to devote
all time to weaving. The entire family became engaged in weaving. But soon there were fights
between the weavers and the gomashtas. The latter used to march into villages with sepoys and
often beat up the weavers for delays in supply.
In many places like Carnatic and Bengal, weavers deserted the villages and had to migrate to
other villages. In many places they revolted against the Company and its officials. Weavers began refusing to accept loans after some time, closed down their workshops and became agricultural labour.

A dam is a hydraulic structure of fairly impervious material built across a river to create a reservoir on its upstream side for impounding water for various purposes.

Dams are classified according to their structure, intended purpose or height. 

On the basis of structure and material used, dams are classified as:

• Timber dams
• Embankment dams or masonry dams.

According to their height, dams can be categorised as:

• Large dams or major dams
• Low dams
• Medium height dams
• High dams

Following are the limitations and challenges faced by election system : 

1. Candidates and parties with a lot of money have an unfair advantage over the smaller parties and independent candidates. 

2. These days many of the political parties use to give tickets to the candidates having criminal records. 

3. These days some parties have the dominance of political families within the parties. People from such political families often give party tickets to their relatives. 

4. Small political parties and independent candidates have many disadvantages compared to bigger parties. 

5. Major political parties have quite similar polices, ideologies and practices. This leaves little choice for people to choose from. 

6. During elections, money and muscle power are frequently used. 

7. The parties in power are often seen to use governmental facilities and resources.

The caste hierarchy means the system of social stratification in our society. Broadly speaking, caste system is a process of placing people in occupational groups. It has pervaded several aspects of Indian society for centuries. It dictates the types of occupation a person can pursue and the social interactions that he/she may have. Castes are ranked in hierarchical order, which determines the behaviour of one member of society over and other.

Besides voting, the caste is an important factor, influencing the selection of candidates in elections, appointment of ministers, transfer and posting of public officials etc. The policy of reservation has given further impetus to the role of caste in politics. Caste plays a very important role in elections and voting. Political parties select their candidates on the basis of caste composition in the constituency. The voting in elections and mobilisation of political support from top to bottom moves on the caste lines. Caste functions as a pressure group in politics. Political bargaining is also done on caste lines.

Here, x = – 2 is the root of the equation.

3x² +7x + p = 0

⇒ 3(– 2)² + 7(– 2) + p = 0 

⇒ p = 2 

Root of the equation x² + 4kx + k² – k + 2 = 0 are equal.

b² – 4ac = 0 

⇒ 16k² – 4(k² – k + 2) = 0

⇒ 3k² + k – 2 = 0 

⇒ (3k – 2)(k + 1) = 0

⇒ k = 2/3 ,  -1

Main methods to detect cancer are:

1. Biopsy and histopathological study of tissue and blood.
2. Bone marrow tests for leukemia.
3. Radiography used to detect the cancer of internal organs.
4. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) to detect the pathological and physiological changes in living tissue.
5. Use of Monoclonal antibodies to detect cancer-specific antigens.
6. Computed tomography to generate 3-D image of the internal tissue.
7. Technique of molecular biology to detect inherited susceptibility of cancer.

(1) GIFT (Gamete Intra Fallopian Transfer): helps in treatment of infertility cases where an ovum from the donor female is introduced into the Fallopian tube of the female who cannot produce ova but can provide suitable environment for fertilisation. Such women accept sperms from her husband during copulation.

(2) CSI (Intra Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection): First a sperm is carefully injected directly into the center of the ovum placed in a nutrient medium in the laboratory using micro needle. The early embryo so formed is transferred into the Fallopian tube of the female for further development.

(3) AIT (Artificial Insemination Technique): It is commonly used in cases where male partners are unable to inseminate the female due to very low sperm counts in the ejaculation. This technique, first collects the semen either from the husband or a healthy donor and is artificially introduced into the vagina or the uterus of the female.

(a) Ultra violet rays

(b) Ultra violet rays / Laser

Detailed Answer :

(a) For water purification Ultraviolet Radiation (UV) is used.

(b) For eye surgery Infra-red Radiation is used.

The daughter element, (release of energy is accompanied by an increase of B.E).

Daughter nucleus

Detailed Answer :

Daughter nucleus have higher binding energy per nucleon.

1. The mass of heavier nucleus (daughter) is less than the sum of masses of combining nuclei.

2. So mass defect is more in daughter nuclei, so binding energy per nucleon is more.

(a) (iv) One’s own language

(b) (iii) Both (i) and (ii)

(c) (iv) All of the above

(d) (ii) Children do not have raw material for constant verbal expression.

(e) (iii) They interact with other human being

(f) (iii) They provide give and take of shared ideas and opinions

(a) The range of imaginative experience which gets opened up by books expands the limited horizons of the surroundings of children and allows them to make pleasant acquaintance with numerous people, animals, objects and ideas in their five years of life. All this add’s to the incalculable advantage of children. 

(b) Children who listen to articulate adults expressing ideas and defending opinions and know that warmth and humans the a place in the process of speaking and listening are fortunate children

(a) Charlie Chaplin invented the unforgettable character, the ‘Little Tramp’. This character was born purely by accident in 1915. 

(b) The ‘Little Tramp’ created by Charlie Chaplin was a personality whom everybody loved. He was a little guy, in a bowler hat wearing a close fitting jacket with a cane, oversize shoes and who was having a brush like moustache. 

(c) Charlie saw himself as a shy British Music Hall comedian. He found himself a star. 

(d) The early life of Charlie Chaplin was sad. Both his parents separated when he was very young. His mother could not earn enough to look after Charlie and his elder brother Sydeny. Sometimes he had to sleep on the street and forage for food in the garbage. 

(e) Charlie took his first bow on stage when his mother made her last appearance in which her voice broke during a song. At that moment. her son Charlie stepped on stage and sang the popular song. ‘That’s when a Star was born’.

(i) Leadership

(a) Essentials for leadership

(i) Followership

(ii) Acceptable to the gap

(iii) Should cause emotive impact on group members

(b) Qualities of a leader

(i) Strength of character

(ii) Simplicity

(iii) Motivation

(iv) Should assume the role of a guide

(c) Role of a leader

(i) Shape people & mould character.

(ii) Maintain equanimity

• Keeping oneself balanced. I poised at all times.

(iii) mould his followers with his frame of mind.

(ii) Summary It is essential for leadership to have followers. A leader must be acceptable by the group which he leads. He should cause emotive impact on the members of the group. A leader should have many qualities which include strength of character, simplicity, motivational spirit and above all, he should have the ability to guide his followers. It is his duty to shape people and mould their character. He should keep himself balanced and poised at all time and should have the quality to mould his followers with his frame of mind.

(a) Stereotyped (b) Articulate

(a) The king of silent film comedy

(b) His trembled childhood 

(c) The ‘Little Tramp’

(a) Intrigued 

(b) Countless

(a) fossils 

(b) geologists 

(c) low single digits

(a) evaporate 

(b) discovery 

(c) decreased

57, Krishna Nagar colony 

New Delhi 

6 April 20 XX

The Sales Manager 

Digital world 

XYZ street 

New Delhi 

Subject : Complaint against Washing Machine 

Sir 

I regret to inform you that I had purchased a Washing Machine from your showroom on 8th February 20 XX but it has stopped functioning properly though it is still in the warranty period. The drier is not working and the clothes remain dripping well even after the spin dry function of the machine is over. Through this letter of mine I request you to replace the washing machine as it is still in the warranty period. 

I look forward to an early action from your end. 

Thanking You 

Yours sincerely 

Madhur

The rate of return on the investment has to be attractive to be accepted by him.

Rate of change of momentum or change in momentum per unit time is equal to the applied force.

15% solution of Nacl is the solution which contains 15 g of NaCl and 85 g of water.

A sponge has minute holes, in which air is trapped. When we press it, the air is expelled out and we are able to compress it. But still it maintain its shape and size as we remove the pressure applied, so it is a solid.

The advantage of refracting telescope :

(i) No chromatic aberration.

(ii) Less spherical aberration.

(iii) Large magnifying power.

(iv) Large resolving power.

Two advantages of reflecting Telescope over refracting Telescope are given as-

(i) No loss of intensity of incident light, therefore we get a bright image in reflecting telescope.

(ii) In a reflecting telescope, spherical aberration is removed by using parabolic mirrors, so there is no spherical aberration in reflecting telescope.

P(A ∩B) = P(A) P(B|A) = 0.32 

P(A ∪ B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B) = 0.98

Let x number of cakes of one kind and number of cakes of other kind. 

Objective function is maximise Z = x + y 

Subject to constraints are 

200x + 100y ≤ 5000

25x + 50y ≤ 1000 

x, y ≥ 0

Research and Analysis (RAW); Intelligence Bureau; CIA 

Social environment refers to social, economic and political surroundings of human beings. It includes the culture and life style of an individual.

Equality is not infirmity. Everyone does not have to live the same life. Equality means equal rights and opportunities.

Gender mainstreaming includes gender. Sensitive perspectives in policies and system. It aims to achieve. The opportunity for a major inclusive society.

Violence perpetrated against women by her intimate partner or a family member.

Common but differential responsibility: 

i. Common but differentiated responsibility means that every country has to work for protecting environment but more responsibility lies on developed countries. 

ii. This argument was accepted in the Rio Summit in 1992. 

iii. The developed countries of the North want to discuss the environmental issue as it stands now and want everyone to be equally responsible for ecological conservation. 

iv. However the developing countries of the South say that much of the ecological degradation in the world is the product of industrial development undertaken by the developed countries. 

v. If they have caused more degradation, they must also take more responsibility for undoing the damage now. 

vi. States shall cooperate in the spirit for ecological protection  

The relationship between India and Pakistan : 

i. Jammu and Kashmir issue 

ii. Sianchen glacier issue 

iii. Infiltrators in India and terrorism 

iv. Bangladesh crisis 

v. Competitive military interest 

vi. Arms race between the two Any other relevant point 

The Correct option is D- Teacher

The number of deaths of children less than one year of age per 1000 live births is referred as Infant mortality rate (IMR).

Anti Arrack Campaigns – 

i women’s groups working on issues of domestic violence, the custom of dowry, sexual abuse at work and public places were active mainly among urban middle class women in different parts of the country. 

ii focus of the women’s movement gradually shifted from legal reforms to open social 

iii As a result the movement made demands of equal representation to women in politics during the nineties. 

iv. We know that 73rd and 74th amendments have granted reservations to women in local level political offices. 

v. Demands for extending similar reservations in State and Central legislatures have also been made. 

vi. A constitution amendment bill to this effect has been proposed but has not received enough support from the Parliament yet. Main opposition to the bill has come from groups, including some women’s groups, who are insisting on a separate quota for Dalit and OBC women within the proposed women’s quota in higher political offices.

i. High potential of economic growth 

ii. Working potential 

iii. Global trade relations 

Areas that have brought cordiality in their relationship are : 

i. Mutual peace talks 

ii. Trade relations 

iii. Cultural interactions 

iv. Negotiations over disputed issues 

The relationship between India and Pakistan 

i. Kashmir issue 

ii. Bangladesh issue 

iii. Terrorism 

iv. Infiltration 

v. Sian chin glacier 

vi. Both are SAARC countries 

vii. Regional cooperation  

viii. Any other relevant point

India and China – 

i. both had signed panchsheel agreement, since the late 1980s, 

ii. both countries have successfully attempted to reignite diplomatic and economic ties. 

iii. China emerged as India's largest trading partner 

iv. the two countries have also attempted to extend their strategic and military relations. 

v. Both the countries have cooperated on regional issues like regional economic integration, the Afghanistan issue and crackdown on terrorism. 

vi. China is India's largest trading partner, and their economic collaboration will inject vigorous impetus to the Indian economy.

Multi-pronged Issues related to the rights of the indigenous communities 

i. In India, the description ‘indigenous people’ is usually applied to the Scheduled Tribes who constitute nearly eight per cent of the population of the country. 

ii. Most indigenous populations in India depend for their subsistence primarily on the cultivation of land. 

iii. They had free access to as much land as they could cultivate. 

iv. It was only after the establishment of the British colonial rule that areas, which had previously been inhabited by the Scheduled Tribe communities, were subjected to outside forces. 

v. Although they enjoy a constitutional protection in political representation, they have not got much of the benefits of development in the country. 

vi. In fact they have paid a huge cost for development since they are the single largest group among the people displaced by various developmental projects since independence.

The phrase Invisible Hand

• Proposed by Adam Smith  
• Individual transactions & own self-interest leads to looking after the interests of all, referred as unseen force. 

• The famous Silk route, centuries ago connected India to the great civilisations, which existed in China, Persia, Egypt and Rome. 
• People from different parts came to India as traders, conquerors, migrants in search of new lands and settled down here.

i. Economic globalization draws our attention immediately to the role of international institutions like the IMF and the WTO and the role they play in determining economic policies across the world. 

ii. Involves greater economic flows among different countries of the world. Some of this is voluntary and some forced by international institutions and powerful countries. 

iii. different countries on allowing the imports of other countries have been reduced 

iv. Globalization has also led to the flow of ideas across national boundaries. The spread of internet and computer related services are an example of that. But globalization has not led to the same degree of increase in the movement of people across the globe. 

v. Developed countries have carefully guarded their borders with visa policies to ensure that citizens of other countries cannot take away 

vi. Trade unions of industrial workforce as well as those representing farmer interests have organized protests against the entry of multinationals

(i) For the wealthy Londoners, there was the annual ‘London Season’ where elite groups could enjoy several cultural events such as the opera and theatre. 

(ii) Working classes too had their own means of entertainment. They used to meet in pubs and enjoy a drink, exchange news and discuss political events. 

(iii) The establishment of libraries, museums and art galleries provided entertainment to common people.

(iv) Music halls and later cinema houses became a source of mass entertainment. 

(v) Industrial workers spent holidays by the sea shore and enjoyed both sun and the wind which were a great source of entertainment.

Factors which causes exploitation of consumers are mentioned below:

(i) Dishonesty and Malpractices: Over charges, hoarding, adulteration, black marketing, tampering weight and measures etc.

(ii) Negligence and false information: Negligence of doctors/surgeons and other staff members in the hospitals, negligence of principal/teachers in the school and negligence of government official in all public dealing offices cause exploitation of consumers.

(iii) Limited and false information about the goods or products is given to the consumers. As a result, consumers make a wrong choice and suffer loses.

(iv) Low literacy leads to consumer exploitation as they do not have complete knowledge about the products.

(v) If there is one or a few producers of a product, there is a possibility of manipulation in prices and supply. 

Cultural diversity can present tough challenges. The difficulties arise from the fact that cultural identities are very powerful – they can arouse intense passions and are often able to moblise large numbers of people.