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Cotton fabric to be soaked in cold water overnight and iron the fabric before cutting. In case the colour of the fabric runs, put colour fixer.

(a) Place the right side of the placket on the wrong side of the sleeve opening and start stitching near the edge at a distance of 1/4'”.

(b) Fold the allowance (other side) of the placket and place it on first stitching line. Then stitch in place from right side of the sleeve.

(c) From wrong side of the sleeve, stitch both the upper and under of the placket, 2 to 3 times diagonally near end. This is known as bar tack.

a. Smooth fabrics- shinier, slicker or softer on the right sides.

b. Textured fabrics- more distinct on the face.

Peter Pan Collar

Trace back bodice pattern. Place front pattern overlapping the shoulder tips. Lower the back and front neck. Redraw the neckline and copy along with part of the centre lines. (Along with relevant figure)

Bandit Queen- Dolly Ahluwalia

The Dirty picture- Niharika Khan

Soldier’s uniform

(a) long fringed skirt

(b) wide band of nailed leather protecting back and chest, reinforced with metal studs.

Accessories

(a) Rawhide caps

(b) Copper helmets

(c) Sometimes fitted with chinstraps and padded with wool and leather.

• new styles become iconic
• spreads like wildfire
• captures the imagination of the masses.

Good insulating qualities.

In Man, rib cage has been flattened from front to back, so that chest centre of gravity is as closer to the spine. This minimizes the tendency to fall forward and improves balance. In Apes, the chest is flattened from the sides. This creates a deeper chest.

(a) Decreased or poor muscle tone. 

 (b) Short neck with excess skin at the back of the neck.

Prop root of Banyan and Stilt root of maize and sugarcane have supporting root coming out from lower node of stems.

Blue – white method of selection of Recombinants:

The blue – white screen is a screening technique that allows for the rapid and convenient detection of recombinant bacteria in vector based molecular cloning experiments. This method is based upon the inspectional inactivation of the lac-z gene present on the vector. This gene expresses the enzyme b - galactosidase substrate called X – gal into blue colours product. If the lac –z gene is inactivated due to the presence of the insert, then enzymes is not expressed. Cells transformed with vectors containing recombinant DNA will produce white colonies; cells transformed with non-recombinant plasmids (i.e. only the vector) grow into blue colonies.

PCR stands for polymerase Chain Reaction. The basic requirements of a PCR reaction are the following:

(i) DNA template: Any source that contains one or more target DNA molecules to be amplified can be taken as template.

(ii) Two nucleotide primers which are oligonucleotides, that hybridizes to the target DNA region.

(iii) Enzyme DNA polymerase which is thermo stable like tag polymerase.

(iv) Four types of dioxyribonucleotides called dNTPs.

The three essential steps for PCR technique are:

(i) Denaturation: The target DNA is heated to a high temperature (usually 94o to 96o C),resulting in the separation of the two strands each of which then acts as a template for DNA synthesis.

(ii) Annealing: In this step, the two oligo-nucleotide primers anneal to each of the single – stranded template DNA. This step is carried out a lower temperature.

(iii) Extension (polymerisation): The final step is extension, where in taq DNA polymerase synthesizes the DNA region between the primers, using dNTPs and Mg²⁺. By this the primers are extended towards each other so that the DNA segment lying between the two primers is copied. The optimum temperature for this step is 72o C. These three steps constitute one cycle of the reaction. The process is carried out for about 28 – 30 cycles beyond which its reliability decreases. 

Joint forest management involves regeneration and conservation of forest through involvement of village communities in association with state forest departments. It involves contract specifying the distribution of authority, responsibility and benefits between village and state forest departments. Orissa, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh are the states where joint forest management project is running. Joint forest management handle work such as taking care of every type of plants and monthly checking of plants and wood quality

The Chipko movement or Chipko andolan refers to a forest conservation movement.

(i) The locals of Garhwali Himalayas in 1973, showed enormous bravery in protecting trees from the axe of contractors by hugging them.

(ii) The main aim of this movement was to stop the felling to trees.

(iii) Sunderlal Bahuguna was the leader of chipko movement.

(iv) It was a non–violent, social and ecological movement which achieved a major victory in 1980 with a 15 years ban on tree felling in the Himalayan Forest of the state by the order of Mrs Indira Gandhi.

The transformation experiments, conducted by Griffith in 1928 helped in establishing the nature of genetic material. He performed series of experiments by selecting two strains of bacterium Streptococcus pneumonia namely S and R.

(i) S- strain/smooth or capsulated type have a mucous (polysaccharide) coat and produce smooth colonies, these are virulent and cause pneumonia.

(ii) R strain/rough or non-capsulated type have no mucous coat and produce rough colonies. These are nonvirulent and do not cause pneumonia

The experiment can be described in Following 4 steps:

(a) S strain D injected into mice D Mice die  

(b) R strain D injected into mice D Mice live

(c) S strain (heat killed) injected into mice D Mice live

(d) S strain (heat killed) + R –strain (live) D injected into mice D Mice die

Griffith concluded that the R- strain had somehow been transformed by the heat – killed S – strain bacteria this occurred perhaps due to absorption of same transforming principle by rough type bacteria from heat – killed smooth bacteria. It had enabled the R – strain to synthesize a smooth polysaccharide coat and become virulent. However the biochemical nature of genetic material was not defined.

A very, Macleod and McCarty repeated the experiment in-vitro to identify the biochemical nature of the transforming substances. They proved that this substance is DNA.

They purified biochemical i.e., proteins, DNA and RNA from the heat killed S – cell to see which ones could transform live R – cells into S – cells. They discovered that DNA alone from S – bacteria caused R – bacteria to become transformed. They also discovered that protein – digesting enzymes i.e., protease and RNA – digesting enzymes i.e., RNase did not affect transformation, so the transforming substance was not a protein or RNA. Digestion with DNase did inhibit transformation, suggesting that DNA caused the transformation.

Significance: DNA and not protein is the genetic material.

(i) Biodiversity is the occurrence of different types of ecosystems, different species of organisms with the whole range of their variant and genes adapted to different climates, environments along with their interactions and processes.

Biodiversity refers to the sum total of diversity that exists at all levels of biological organization.

(ii) Eutrophication refers to the excessive growth of algae, plants and animals in water bodies due to nutrient enrichment particularly with nitrogen and phosphorus.

(iii) PAR is photosynthetically active radiation. The part of visible spectrum of light that contributes most to the process of photosynthesis is PAR.

Primary Transcript is often larger than the functional RNA. This primary transcript is called heterogeneous nuclear RNA or hn RNA and is converted into functional mRNA after post-transcriptional processing which involves 3 steps.

(i) Modification of 5’end by capping: Capping at 5' end occurs rapidly after the start of transcription. An unusual nucleotide i.e. methyl guanosine triphosphate is added to the 5’-end of hnRNA. It is catalysed by guanyl transferase. Cap is essential for Formation mRNA-ribosome complex. Translation is not possible if cap is lacking because cap is identified by 185-rRNA of ribosome unit. 

(ii) Tailing and Splicing: tailing is the addition a poly(A) tail is added to an RNA at the end of transcription .The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates; on newly formed hn RNA with the help of poly (A) polymerase. Splicing is the process of removal of introns and joining of exons in a defined order. Introns are removed by small nuclear RNA (SnRNA) and protein complex called small nuclear riboneucleo proteins or snRNP (Snurps).

The fully processed hn RNA is now called mRNA and it is transported out of the nucleus for translation.

Number of matches played by cricket team = 20 Percentage of won matches = 25%

Total matches won by them = 25% of 20

= 25/100 x 20 = 5

Hence, they won 5 matches.

They are the simplest carbohydrates which do not undergo further hydrolysis, for example: glucose.

(i) Peptization: The process of converting a precipitate into colloidal sol by shaking it with dispersion medium in the presence of a suitable electrolyte.
(ii) Reversible sols: These are the sols in which dispersion medium can be separated from dispersed phase and reconstituted easily.

The potential difference between the fixed layer of dispersed phase and the diffused layer of opposite charges in called zeta potential.

At lower concentration soap dissolved in water acts as true electrolyte but on increasing the concentration it will form a colloidal solution known as micelle.

The master gland controls the thyroid gland, adrenal gland, ovaries and testicles. While it may be in charge of these glands, it gets it orders from its neighbor, the hypothalamus. 

Basically, glands and hormones are a long communication chain in the body. The hypothalamus sends signals in the form of hormones to the pituitary gland, telling it just how much hormones are needed to send to the other glands. Then, the pituitary secretes hormones that signal to the glands how much hormones they need to secrete. 

The pituitary gland also produces hormones for organs in the body, as well. It creates: 

• Oxytocin for the uterus and mammary glands to stimulate contractions that aid in birth and milk production
• Vasopressin, an antidiuretic hormone, for the kidneys
• Beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone that darkens the skin
• Endorphins for the brain and immune system to help inhibit pain sensations and regulate the immune system
• Growth hormones for muscles and bones 
• Enkephalins that help inhibit pain sensations in the brain
• Prolactin, which stimulates milk production in the mammary glands 

Most hormones are released every one to three hours and run in conjunction with the body's circadian rhythm. This means that hormone production is at its peak during the day hours and level off as night falls.  Other hormones rely on certain factors, such as the menstrual cycle, to determine production levels.

IUD—Intra Uterine Devices.

Small animals have larger surface area relative to their volume. They tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside. They have to expend much energy to generate body heat through metabolism. This is the reason, why polar regions are not a suitable habitat for tiny humming birds.

M.S. Swaminathan 

Small animals have larger surface area relative to their volume, they tend to lose body heat very fast when it is cold outside; therefore they have to expend much energy to generate body heat through metabolism. This is the reason why polar regions are not a suitable habitat for tiny humming birds.

DNA is considered a better hereditary material than RNA because of the following reasons: 

(i) It is able to generate its replica (replication). 

(ii) It is chemically and structurally stable. 

(iii) It provides the scope for slow changes (mutation) that are required for evolution. 

(iv) It expresses itself in the form of Mendelian characters.

(a) Homo erectus was the fossil that had evolved from Homo habilis.

(b) The correct sequence from early to late geological period is: 

Silurian period → Carboniferous period → Jurassic period

Genetic drift refers to the alteration in the frequencies of alleles in the gene pool of a finite population due to chance events. It takes place in one or over a few generations. If the change in the allele frequencies is very drastic, then new species are formed. If the population is finite or limited, a random selection of alleles occurs and in such a scenario, the frequencies of alleles in a sample may not be the same as the frequencies of alleles in the total population. This is known as sampling error.

In bisexual flowering plant, cross pollination is favored by number of methods: 

• Dichogamy: In such cases, the male and female parts of a bisexual flower mature at different times and xenogamy is favored. If the stamens mature before the pistil, the condition is known as protandry (e.g., sunflower, Salvia) while if the carpels mature before stamens, the condition is known as protogyny (e.g., banyan, Plantago, Mirabilis jalapa). 

• Self-sterility or self-incompatibility: In some plants, the pollen grains of a flower are not effective on the stigma of the same flower or that of flower of the same plant (e.g., tea, tobacco, etc.). In such cases, there is genetic incompatibility and xenogamy is favored. 

• Heterostyly: In this, length of filaments and styles in a flower are different. If the styles are of different lengths, it is called heterostyly while if the stamens are of different lengths, it is called heteroanthy. 

• Herkogamy: It is a condition in which a physical barrier is present between the anther and the style. They are arranged in such manner that the pollen grain does not fall on stigma of the same flower. For example, in orchids, pollen grains are present in special structures called pollinia and insects are required for pollination. In members of the family Caryophyllaceae, the stigma is present at a higher level than the anther.

Apis indica (Indian bee) is the most common species of bee reared in India. The other important species that can also be reared are: Apis mellifera (Italian bee), Apis dorsata (rock bee) and Apis florea (little bee). The rearing of bees can be done in any area with plantation such as orchards, farms, etc., where sufficient pollen and nectar are available. Such places are called apiary sites. The following points should be taken care of:

(i) Since pollen and nectar are available only in flowering season so seasonal management is very important. This season is known as honey flow season. In this season the pollination efficiency as well as honey production, both get increased. The nectar collected by the bees is passed through the pre-oral cavity and tongue to ripen it. Honey is then deposited in the cells. Hence, more space for storage of honey should be provided during this season. 

(ii) During summer season, adequate shade and water should be provided by artificial constructions or by keeping the beehives under the trees. Proper ventilation should also be provided. Sugar syrup and pollen supplement are provided as food source. 

(iii) During winter season, disease-free colonies should be maintained. The hives should be provided with new queens. 

(iv) During rainy season, dampness should be avoided and since bees cannot go out to collect pollen and nectar, sugar syrup should be provided as food. Knowledge of hiving the swarms. 

(v) Proper handling of beehives and collection of honey and beeswax. One should wear protective clothing while handling the honey bees. Smokers are also used by the bee-keepers to keep them calm while handling them. 

(a) one 

(b) over 

(c) sometimes 

(d) best

(a) on 

(b) his 

(c) bend 

(d) them

(a) Dramatic increase in food production (wheat and rice) during the mid 1960’s is termed
as Green Revolution 
Various plant breeding techniques / better management practices / use of agrochemicals
(fertilizers and pesticides) (Any two) 
(b) Norman E.Borlaug 

(a) Entamoeba histolytica Symptoms - Constipation / abdominal pain / cramps / stool with excess mucus and blood clot
(b) Spreads through housefly / drinking water contaminated with faecal matter / eating food contaminated with faecal matter

Formal organisation is the type of organisation which is deliberately designed to facilitate the smooth functioning of the organisation. 

Advantages of formal organisation are as under : 

1. Stability – Formal organisation is stable because behaviour of employees is within the parameter of specific rules. The behaviour of the employees can be fairly predicted. 

2. Fixation of responsibility – There is clearcut role of each member and mutual relationships are clearly defined. Hence, it is easier to fix responsibility. 

3. Clear cut role – Formal organisation specifies clearly the rights, duties and liabilities of an employee. Hence, there is no ambiguity in the role that each member has to play. Further, the chances of duplication of efforts are minimum. 

4. Unity of command – Formal organisation is based on the principle of scalar chain. Scalar chain provides official lines of command. As a result, there is unity of command which means that an employee receives instructions and orders from one superior only and he is answerable to same superior

If we are known with √7 is irrational than it can be proved as:

Let 2 - √7 be a rational number

 2 - √7 = p/q [ where p and q are integer , q ≠ 0 and q and p are co-prime number ]

=> √7 =  2 - p/q

=> √7 = (2q - p)/q

We know that number of form p/q is a rational number.

from here, √7 is also a rational number.

But we know that √7 is irrational number. This contradicts our assumption.

Therefore, 3 - √5 is an irrational number.

On the eve of the French Revolution, i.e. in 1789 A.D. France presented a dismal look. Following were the conditions on the eve of the French Revolution. In other words, we van say that following were the chief causes of the French Revolution: 

(i) Social Causes or Social Conditions. On the eve of the revolution, the French society was ridden with several inequalities. The clergy and the nobles led a life of luxury and enjoyed numerous privileges. On the other hand, the peasants and workers lived a wretched life. They grounded under heavy taxed and forced labour. The middle class comprising of lawyers, doctors and teachers, etc. also suffered humiliation at the hand of the clergy and the nobles. This state of social inequality was the chief cause of the French Revolution. 

(ii) Political Causes or’ Political Conditions. Emperor Louis XVI of. France was an empty headed despot. He and his queen, Marie Antoinette, squandered money on their luxurious living and wasteful festivities. The high posts were often auctioned, so inefficiency reigned supreme. The whole administration was corrupt and each department had its own laws. In the absence of any uniform system there was confusion all around. The people were tired of such a rotten system of administration and wanted a change. 

(iii) Economic Causes or Economic Conditions. France had been continually involved in wars which had broken her economy. The luxurious life led by the French King Louis XVI and his queen had made the mater still worse. The people groaned under heavy taxes. The system was so faulty that only a fraction of the taxes could be realized as the people were too poor to pay them while nobles and the clergy, who could pay, were completely exempted from all the taxes. The economy became so bad that the French Government had almost reached a state of bankruptcy. Thus the shattered economy of France proved a major cause of the Revolution/ 

(iv) Immediate Cause. Forced by financial bankruptcy; Emperor Louis XVI was compelled to call a meeting of the Estates General in 1789 A.D. After a lapse of 175 years. It generated much excitement as the members of the Third. Estate were determined to put forth their problems. But when the first two Estates i.e., the Clergy and the Nobility refused to have a common meeting with the Third Estate, the people lost their temper. They had already suffered a much in the severe famine in 1788-89. In this way, the calling of the Estates General in 1789 A.D. proved the immediate cause of the French Revolution.

The first World War was a war that was fought outside Europe as well as in Europe. In Russia, the war was initially popular and people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II. As the war continued, the star refused to consult the main parties in the Duma. Support from all sides became thin. Anti-German sentiments became high and St. Petersburg (Which was a German name) was renamed as Petrograd. The Tsarina Alexandra’s German origins and poor advisors, especially a monk called Rasputin, made the autocracy unpopular. The defeats in the war ware shocking and demoralising. Russian armies lost badly. There were about 7 million casualties by 1917 and almost 3 million refugees. The situation discredited the government and the Tsar. The war also had a severe impact on industry and contributed to the food shortage in the country. The people were rioting as bread and flour became scarce. There was resentment all over the country. The Imperial Russian army was the largest armed force in the world. It came to be known as the ‘Russian steam roller’. When this army shifted it loyalty and began supporting the revolutionaries. Tsarist power collapsed.

Applying Euclid’s division lemma.

625 = 625 x 1 + 0

3125 = 625 x 5 + 0

15625 = 625 x 25 + 0

Hence H.C.F of 625, 3125 and 15625 = 625

The perimeters of two similar triangles ∆ABC and ∆PQR are 35cm and 45cm respectively, then the ratio of the areas of the two triangles is 49 : 81.

• Primary effluent is passed into large aeration tanks with constant mechanical agitation and air supply. Useful aerobic microbes grow rapidly and form flocs.
• Flocs while growing consume organic matter and thus reduce the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the effluent is passed into settling tank. 
• The bacterial flocs settle at the bottom of the tank and it forms activated sludge, a small part this is used as an inoculum in the aeration tank and the remaining part is passed into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters.

(a) The DNA fragments resolve according to their size through sieving effect provided by the agarose gel. Hence, the smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves.

(b) The given agarose gel electrophoresis shows migration of undigested DNA fragments in lane 1 and digested set of DNA fragments in lane 2 to 4.

(c) The separated DNA fragments can be visualized only after staining the DNA with a compound known as ethidium bromide followed by exposure to UV radiation.

(a) The two common methods to measure poverty lines are

(i) Consumption method Determining the poverty line in India is based on the desired calorie requirement.
The accepted average calorie requirement in India is 2400 calories per person per day in rural areas and 2100 calories per person per day in urban areas.

(ii) Income method For the year 2012, the poverty line for a person was fixed at 816 per month for the rural areas and 1000 for the urban areas.

(b) National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) conducts sample surveys to estimate poverty lines.

Features of planning:

(a) Planning focuses on achieving objectives: Organisations are set up with a general purpose in view. Specific goals are set out in the plans along with the activities to be undertaken to achieve the goals. Thus, planning is purposeful. Planning has no meaning unless it contributes to the achievement of predetermined organisational goals.

(b) Planning is a primary function of management: Planning lays down the base for the other functions of management. All other managerial functions are performed within the framework of the plans drawn. Thus, planning precedes other functions. This is also referred to as the primacy of planning. The various functions of management are interrelated and equally important. However, planning provides the basis of all other functions.

(c) Planning is pervasive: Planning is required at all levels of the management as well as in all departments of the organisation. It is not an exclusive function of top management or of any particular department. But the scope of planning differs at different levels and among different departments. For example, the top management undertakes planning for the organisation as a whole. Middle management does the departmental planning. At the lowest level, day-to-day operational planning is done by the supervisors.

(d) Planning is continuous: Plans are prepared for a specific period of time, may be for a month, a Quarter, a or a year. At the end of that period there is need for a new plan to be drawn on the basis of new requirements and future conditions. Hence, planning is a continuous process. Continuity of planning is related with the planning cycle. It means that a plan is framed, it is implemented, and is followed by another plan, and so on.

(e) Planning is futuristic: Planning essentially involves looking ahead and preparing for the future. The purpose of planning is to meet future events effectively to the best advantage of an organisation. It implies peeping into the future, analysing it and predicting it. Planning is, therefore, regarded as a forward looking function based on forecasting. Though forecasting, future events and conditions are anticipated and plans are drawn accordingly. Thus, for example, sales forecasting is the basis on which a business firm prepares its annual plan for production and sales.

(f) Planning involves decision making: Planning essentially involves choice from among various alternatives and activities. If there is only one possible goal or a possible course of action, there is no need for planning because there is no choice. The need for planning arises only when alternatives are available. In actual practice, planning pre-supposes the existence of alternatives. Planning, thus, involves thorough examination and evaluation of each alternative and choosing the most appropriate one.

(g) Planning is a mental exercise: Planning requires application of the mind involving foresight, intelligent imagination and sound judgment. It is basically an intellectual activity of thinking rather than doing. Because, planning determines the action to be taken. However planning requires logical and systematic thinking rather than guess work or wishful thinking. In other words, thinking for planning must be orderly and based on the analysis of facts and forecasts.

Semantic Barriers are as follows:

(i) Unclear Message: Lack of clarity and precision in a message makes it badly expressed. When language of the message is vague, imprecise or there is use of wrong words or omission of needed words, then communication becomes ineffective as intended meaning is not conveyed.

(ii) Faulty Translations: Sometimes messages are in a language, which may not be clearly understandable to the receiver. In such cases, it becomes necessary to translate the message into a known language. If the translator is not proficient in translation, it may act as a barrier in communication.

(iii) Technical jargons: Many specialists or experts make use of technical jargons (terminology) to communicate message, which may not be understood by the receiver. It leads to poor communication.

(iv) Symbols with different meaning: The same words or symbol may carry different meanings to different people and convey different meanings under different circumstances.

(v) Unclarified assumptions: Sometimes the receiver may misinterpret the assumptions drawing different meaning from what sender wants to communicate. For example, Boss may instruct the subordinate to take care of the goods. He may mean that take care of the quality of goods whereas workers may understand that he is instructing to keep the goods safely.

(vi) Body Language and gesture decoding: Along with verbal communication another important mode of communication is body language and gestures shown by person who is talking. If the verbal communication is not matching with the body language then workers may get confused and misunderstand the meaning.

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