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Garibaldi. Red shirts movement.

The 7^th Summit of the Non-Aligned Countries was held in March 1983 in India.

The two Principles of Nazism are :

(i) The Nazi should rule the world

(ii) To remove Jews permanently from areas of German Settlement.

The aims of Young Italy are : 

(i) To train young men for the unification movement. 

(ii) To create a United Italian Republic through promoting a general insurrection in the Italian reactionary states and in the lands occupied by the Austrian Empire.

The watch words of the French Revolution are :

Liberty, Equality and Fraternity.

The answer is  (C) Kerensky

The chemicals invented during the Industrial Revolution are :

(i) Sulphuric acid

(ii) Sodium carbonate

The two paintings of Leonardo-da-Vinci are :

(i) Last Supper

(ii) Monalisa

The styles of architecture found in the Medieval Europe are from the Romanesque style to Gothic style.

The two sects of Islam are :

(i) Sunnis

(ii) Shias

The two reforms introduced by Julius Caesar are :

(i) Introduction in the agriculture reform.

(ii) Reduction in taxes.

The "Father of Renaissance" is Petrarch.

(i) Egyptian Civilization.

(ii) Mesopotamian Civilization.

In 1789 the French Revolution begin.

The two theories proposed by Charles Darwin are :

(i) Theory of Evolution

(ii) The Theory of Natural Selection

Strategic Arms Limited Talks [SALT].

The two professional uses of history are — useful in the preparation of IAS, IPS, Judiciary, etc.

Fossils are the remains or impressions of a very old human which have turned into stone. These are often embedded in rock, and are thus preserved for millions of years.

Humanism was a restoration of true civilsation after the Dark Age that had set in after the fall of the Roman Empire. Humanism stressed on the individual skills. It also revived the Greek literature.

The term ‘barbarian’ is derived from the Greek word ‘barbaros’ which meant a non Greek, whose language sounded like a random noise: ‘bar-bar’. They are considered as cruel, greedy and politically unable to govern.

"History is a story of man from barbarism to civilization’’.

Treaty of Versailles : In the Paris Peace Conference, the Nations of First World War made Versailles Treaty with Germany in 1919. 

Its provisions are :

(i) Territorial Re-Organisation.

(ii) War indemnity.

(iii) Germany disarmed.

(iv) Trial of war prisoners.

(v) Establishment of mandate.

(vi) League establishment.

Detailed Answer : 

The provisions were : 

(i) German territory was reduced. In the west, Alsace and Lorraine were given to France and the districts of Eupen and Malmedy were given to Belgium. In the east, Posaninia and bits of East Prussia were given to Poland. Danzig became a free city. Schleswig went to Denmark and Memel to Lithuania after a plebiscite (vote), which was not permitted for the other areas. It added up to about 65,000 square kilometers and almost 7 million people. 

(ii) The German Army was reduced to 100,000 troops, the nascent Air Force banned, and the Navy stripped of all submarines and ships over 10,000 tonnes. Military restrictions were put. The size of German Army was limited. They were prohibited from importing/making weapons, and forbidden to have an Air Force. 

(iii) Article 231 stated that Germany accepted “The responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies.” This was the so-called “war guilt clause.” 

(iv) Economic reparations were called for. The treaty itself did not call for such and exact number, but a Reparations Commission was called which decided in 1921 on a figure of 132 Billion gold marks to be paid by Germany to the allies.

(v) Germany accepted responsibility for the losses and damages caused by the war “as a consequence of the aggression of Germany and her allies. The treaty required Germany to compensate the Allied powers, and it also established an Allied “Reparation Commission” to determine the exact amount which Germany would pay and the form that such payment would take. 

(vi) The Covenant of the League of Nations was signed , which provided for the creation of the League, an organization for the arbitration of international disputes. Part XIII organized the establishment of the International Labour Officer, to regulate hours of work, including a maximum working day and week; the regulation of the labour supply; the prevention of unemployment; the provision of a living wage; the protection of the worker against sickness, disease and injury arising out of his employment; the protection of children, young persons and women; provision for old age and injury; protection of the interests of workers when employed abroad; recognition of the principle of freedom of association; the organization of vocational and technical education and other measures.

Different stages of Unification of Germany : 

(i) Till 1871, Germany was divided into 38 independent states, having nothing in common except the German language. All these States were members of the German Confederation, which was weak and disunited. Between 1815 and 1848, Prince Metternich of Austria dominated the Confederation. 

(ii) After 1848, Prussia became the leading State, by uniting the Confederation into an economic union (Zollverein). Austria did not join this union, thereby losing the opportunity for German leadership. In 1862, Bismarck became Chancellor of Prussia and by a series of wars, unified Germany in 1871. 

(iii) The first stage in the unification of Germany started in 1848 when every German State revolted against their rulers, demanding democratic constitutions. The Frankfurt Constituent Assembly was formed, which suggested unifying Germany as a Constitutional monarchy, with the Prussian King being crowned the emperor of Germany. The Prussian King declined this offer as he did not wish his power to be limited by a Constitution. 

(iv) The second phase began under Bismarck’s leadership and his militaristic Policy of ‘Blood and Iron’. He did not want Germany to be a democratic country, controlled by the revolutionaries. He wanted Germany, dominated by the aristocracy and Army under leadership of the Prussian King. 

(vi) The third and final phase began with a series of wars (Policy of ‘Blood and Iron’) against Austria, France and Denmark, by which Austria was removed from the German Confederation, France and Denmark defeated and King William I of Prussia was declared Emperor of a united Germany in 1871.

Philosophy. He had no faith in Speeches but in Blood and Iron policy. 

The role of Bismarck in the unification of Germany was as follows : 

(i) War with Denmark : In 1864 Bismarck waged war on Denmark to recover Schleswig and Holstein. In this task he got help of Austria. He defeated Denmark in the war. 

(ii) Austro-Prussian War : Holstein was not enough for Austria which caused war. Bismarck kept Austria alone in Europe. The whole of Europe underestimated Prussia. He easily defeated Austria in 7 weeks war. As per the Prague Treaty, Austria gave up Holstein in Germany. 

(iii) War with France : Bismarck wanted war with France to recover Alsace-Lorraine. He used Spanish succession problem to create war with France. He declared Germany's Leopold as the King of Spain. Bismarck defeated France in the Battle of Sedan in 1871.

BOD—Biochemical Oxygen Demand

It indicates the addition of lot of organic matter; microorganisms involved in the biodegradation of organic matter in the water body consume a lot of oxygen and as a result, there is a sharp decline in the dissolved oxygen content downstream from the point of addition of effluent from the factory. This causes mortality of fish and other aquatic organisms.

The reaction occurs as follows:

CaCO₃ → CaO + CO₂

According to the law of conservation of mass,
Total mass of reactant(s) = Total mass of products (s)
=> 10 g = 5.6 g + Mass of CO₂
=> Mass of CO₂ = 10 - 5.6 = 4.4 g

This problem is solved using law of conservation of mass according to which mass can neither be created nor be destroyed during a chemical reaction.

(i) Use a very sharp tipped pencil to draw thin lines to represent incident and refracted rays. 

(ii) The convex lens should be of thin aperture, for obtaining the distinct image.

(i) Wash the test-tubes and other glass apparatus thoroughly with distilled water, before use.

(ii) All solutions should be freshly prepared.

(a) (i) increasing 

(b) (iii) seem 

(c) (ii) amongst 

(d) (iv) has 

(e) (ii) nor 

(f) (iv) using 

(g) (i) Nonetheless 

(h) (i) for

(a) (ii) not 

(b) (ii) forbade 

(c) (iii) came 

(d) (i) has been 

The Ancient Mariner had done a hellish thing. He had shot the Albatross with his bow and arrow. As a result they got stuck in the ocean. There was misery all around. They were thirsty but had no water to drink. They were physically and mentally exhausted. Slimy creature had also emerged from the rotting sea and the wind had stopped. They cursed the Mariner for shooting the Albatross and hung the bird around his neck.

Error                   Correction 

(a) which             who 

(b) regular           regularly 

(c) do                  does 

(d) success         succeed 

Error                  Correction 

(a) in                  under 

(b) an                 the 

(c) replace         replaced 

(d) through         by

The shattered visage in the poem ‘Ozymandias’ belongs to the King Ozymandias. He had a frowning expression on his face which reflected his scornful and contemptuous nature. It was half-sunk because it had been ravaged by time which spares no one, whether rich or poor.

(a) Ozymandias. 

(b) These lines describe the ruined state of the statue now. 

(c) Alliteration. 

(d) aba

Cleanliness Drive, Bluebell Public School 

By Rupesh 

Ghaziabad, 20th August, 2019: A cleanliness drive was organized by the Eco Club of Bluebell Public School on 19th August, 2019. 

The students guided by teachers removed all garbage from the school premises and pledged to throw waste only into dustbins. 

Teams of students armed with brooms and dustbins energetically collected garbage. Activities like Poster Making, Slogan Writing, Speech, Drawing Contest, Quiz, and Rally I were held in the school on account of Swachh Bharat Mission. A function of tree plantation was organized in which students and staff participated with great enthusiasm. Many trees like Neem, Eucalyptus and Jamun were planted. Thus the whole school took a small step towards a big goal. It was a great experience and everyone contributed to it. 

Speaking on the occasion the Principal, Ms Kajal Gahlot said /‘Cleanliness is a must for living a civilized life. This event will go a long way in promoting the cleanliness habit among students.” 

The drive ended with lips-smacking snacks for all.

• It is not only Mr.Lamb‟s strange ideas that attract Derek but also his loneliness and longing for company
• he returns to him at the end- the two have a great affinity – both have suffered loneliness –
• both long for company- both are physically impairedboth have suffered rejection from others 
• Mr. Lamb revives the almost dead feelings of Derry towards life
• He motivates him to think positively about life, changes his mind set about people and things/ 
• Everything appears to be the same but is different‐ eg. of bees and weeds/
• The gate of the garden is always open/
• Derry is inspired and promises to come back.

Error                 Correction 

(a) an                a 

(b) for              from 

(c) These         They 

(d) in                 to

It indicates that, water is contaminated by disease causing microorganisms.

There are six major controls; of the climate of a place:

(i) Latitude: Due to the curvature of the earth, the amount of solar energy received varies according, to latitude. As a result, air temperature' generally decreases from, the, equator towards the poles.

(ii) Altitude: As, one goes from, the surface of the earth to higher altitudes, the atmosphere becomes less, dense and temperature decreases. The hills are therefore cooler during summers.

(iii) Pressure and wind system: The pressure and wind system of any area depend on the latitude and altitude of the place. Thus it influences the temperature arid rainfall' pattern.
(iv) Distance from the sea: The sea exerts moderating influence on climate. As the distance from the sea increases, its moderating influence decreases and the people experience extreme weather conditions. This condition is known, continentality which means very hot during, summer and very cold during winters.

(v) Ocean Currents: Oceans along with onshore winds affect the climate of the coastal areas: For-instance, any coastal area with warmish-cold'currents flowing past it, will be warmed or cooled if the winds are onshore:

(vi) Relief features: High mountains act as a barrier for cold: or hot winds. They. may, also cause precipitation, if they are high enough and lie in the path of rain, bearing winds. The leeward side of' the mountains remains, relatively dry.

Four ways in which democracies have been able to reduce inequality and poverty are:

• Democracy gives equal voting rights to all the citizens.
• It provides equal opportunity to all the sections of the society.
• It ensures social equality by protecting the rights of the citizens without discrimination.
• It equally distributes benefits to all the sections of the society.

The five characteristics of the Ganga-Brahmaputra delta are as follows:

(i) The Ganga-Brahmaputra delta, also known as the Ganga delta, Sunderban delta or Bengal delta, is situated in Bangladesh and West Bengal state of India, where the Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers discharge into the Bay of Bengal.

(ii) The total catchment area of the rivers of Ganga-Brahmaputra delta is 1.72 million sq km.

(iii) It is the world's largest delta, with a surface area of 1 lakh sq km.

(iv) It is among the most fertile regions in the world. With more than 130 million inhabitants, this belongs to the most densely populated areas in the world (1300 inhabitants/sq km).

(v) Downstream of the confluence, the river is named Padma. About halfway to the ocean, the Meghna joins the Padma.

Role of Alluri Sitaram Raju in the Gudem hills of Andhra Pradesh 

i. Alluri Sitaram Raju claimed that he had a variety of special powers like making astrological predictions, healing people and surviving bullet shots 

ii. The rebels proclaimed him as an incarnation of God. 

iii. Raju was inspired by Gandhiji’s Non-Cooperation Movement iv. Persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. 

v. But at the same time he asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. 

vi. Used guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. To be assessed as whole

Sustainable economic development means that development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise on the needs of the future generation.

Main features of sustainable economic development :

(i) Reduction in pollution

(ii) Quality of life of the future generation should not reduce.

(iii) Efficient use of natural resources.

Alluri Sitarama Raju was an Indian revolutionary involved in the Indian independence movement. Raju led the "Rampa Rebellion" of 1922-24, during which a band of tribal leaders and other sympathisers fought against the British Raj.

Raju was inspired by the Non-Cooperation Movement and persuaded people to wear khadi and give up drinking. He also asserted that India could be liberated only by the use of force, not non-violence. The rebels attacked police stations, attempted to kill British officials and carried on guerrilla warfare for achieving swaraj. Raju was captured and executed in 1924, and over time became a folk hero.

RTI is the best law which empowers people to carry out democratic reforms. The Right to Information (RTI) Act empowers every citizen of India to seek information from public authorities, including central, state and local governments; parliament, judiciary, police, etc.

Under RTI, a citizen can ask questions regarding the official work, see information, take copies of official documents and inspect government work and its progress.

The impacts of Right To Information Act are:

(i) It empowers the people to find out what is happening in the system of the government.

(ii) It acts as a watchdog of democracy.

(iii) It supplements the existing laws that banned corruption.