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transportation of water

cohesion is the answer

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Isotopeshave the same atomic number, whileisobarshave the same atomic mass.Isotopes:Isotopesare atoms that have same atomic number but different mass numbers.Isotopeshave the same atomic number because the number of protons inside their nuclei remains the same.

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because it is green

Chlorophyll is a pigment found in the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts in the leaves. This is whyplantsaregreen. The simple answer is thatplantsaregreenbecause they havegreenchloroplasts (organelles that carry out photosynthesis). ... Chlorophyll is a pigment that absorbs red and blue light.

Answer: c)14N,15NExplanation:Meselson and Stahl conducted their famous experiments on DNA replication using E. coli bacteria as a model system.They began by growing E. coli in medium, or nutrient broth, containing a "heavy" isotope of nitrogen, 15N. After many generations growing in the 15 N medium, the nitrogenous bases of the bacteria's DNA were all labeled with heavy 15N. Then, the bacteria were switched to medium containing a "light" 14N isotope and allowed to grow for several generations. DNA made after the switch would have to be made up of 14N as this would have been the only nitrogen available for DNA synthesis.

Nitrification is the biological oxidation of ammonia or ammonium to nitrite followed by the oxidation of the nitrite to nitrate. The transformation of ammonia to nitrite is usually the rate limiting step of nitrification. Nitrification is an important step in the nitrogen cycle in soil.

Deoxyribose is the pentose sugar found in this type of polynucleotide, hence its name Deoxyribonucleic Acid, or DNA. The nitrogenous bases found in DNA are, adenine, guanine, cytosine and thymine. DNA molecules have two polynucleotide chains, held together in a ladder like structure.

Well if we talk about Nucleotides then it's RNA & DNA which are made up of Organic molecules. And when these molecules combines as a whole then it's called as Polynucleotide chain.

=> Or in simple words then Polynucleotide chain is the Chain of nucleotide.

=> A nucleotide has three components - N-base , Pentose sugar and Phosphate.

=> In N-base there are mainly 2 parts found - Purines and Pyramidines.

And Purines must bind with Purines so as to maintain the DNA helical structure.

=> These nitrogenous bases are linked to each other with H-bonding also the nitrogen base is linked to the pentose sugar with N-glycosidic bond.

=> When a phosphate group is linked to 5'-OH of a nucleotide via phosphodiester linkage , a corresponding nucleotide is formed.

=> More and more nucleotide can be joined in order to form a polynucleotide chain.A polymer thus formed has at one end a free phosphate moiety at 5'-end of the ribose sugar.

=> Similarly at the other end of the polymer the ribose has free 3'-OH Group which is refrerred as 3'-end of the polynucleotide chain.

Autotrophic and Heterotrophicare the main mode of nutrition in bacteria. The autotrophic bacteria make their own food from outside sources of energy. They are further divided into chemo and photo autotrophs. While heterotrophs do not make their own food and they depend on readymade food from outside for their survival. saprotrophic, symbiotic and parasitic are their sub types.

Mining is the process by which ores and minerals are extracted from the ground.

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The electron transport chain is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane to create a gradient of protons that creates ATP (adenosine triphosphate) or energy that is needed in metabolic processes for cellular function. During the process, a proton gradient is created when the protons are pumped from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space of the cell, which also helps in driving ATP production. Often, the use of a proton gradient is referred to as the chemiosmotic mechanism that drives ATP synthesis since it relies on a higher concentration of protons to generate “proton motive force”. The amount of ATP created is directly proportional to the amount of protons that are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

The electron transport chain involves a series of redox reactions that relies on protein complexes to transfer electrons from a donor molecule to an acceptor molecule. As a result of these reactions, the proton gradient is produced, enabling mechanical work to be converted into chemical energy, allowing ATP synthesis. The complexes are embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane called thecristaein eukaryotes. Enclosed by the inner mitochondrial membrane is the matrix, which is where necessary enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase and pyruvate carboxylase are located. The process can also be found in photosynthetic eukaryotes in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts and in prokaryotes, but with modifications.By-products from other cycles and processes, like the citric acid cycle, amino acid oxidation, and fatty acid oxidation, are used in the electron transport chain. As seen in the overall redox reaction,

2 H++ 2 e++ ½ O2→ H2O + energy

energy is released in an exothermic reaction when electrons are passed through the complexes; three molecules of ATP are created. Phosphate located in the matrix is imported via the proton gradient, which is used to create more ATP. The process of generating more ATP via the phosphorylation of ADP is referred tooxidative phosphorylationsince the energy of hydrogen oxygenation is used throughout the electron transport chain. The ATP generated from this reaction go on to power most cellular reactions necessary for life.

Meristematic cells are not effected so it can be used to recover healthy plants from diseased plants

money plant, Rhizopus is the correct answer of the given question

Any two heterotrophic planta are money plant and Rhizopus

four types of heterotrophic plants with examples

PARASITIC PLANTS : EXAMPLES : Mistletoe and Dodder (Cuscuta)

SAPROPHYTIC PLANTS : EXAMPLES : Indian pipe and Coral roots.

INSECTIVOROUS PLANTS : EXAMPLES : Pitcher plant , Bladderworts , Sundew , Venus flytrap .

SYMBIOTIC PLANTS : EXAMPLES : Lichens and Pea plant .

Rhizopus and dodder are heterotrophic plants

Rhizopus and doddering are heterotrophic plant

Autotroph vs.Heterotroph.Autotrophsareorganismsthat can produce their own food from the substances available in their surroundings using light (photosynthesis) or chemical energy (chemosynthesis).Heterotrophscannot synthesize their own food and rely on otherorganisms— both plants and animals — for nutrition.

Simple.. Auto means self and troph means nutrition that means those organisms which can papare theire own food And... Hetro means dependen and traphs means nutrition that means those organisms which can not papere own food

Heterotrophic nutritionisnutritionobtained by digesting organic compounds. Animals, fungi, many prokaryotes and protoctistsareunable to synthesize organic compounds to use as food. Theyareknown asheterotrophs.Heterotrophicorganisms have to acquire and take in all the organic substances they need to survive.

types-1). Holozoic Nutrition:

This type of nutrition involves consumption of food portion through mouth (opening) .This process is called ingestion. Once consumed, the food particles are broken down into simpler forms and the process is termed as digestion. Finally, the vital nutrients are absorbed by the body and the unwanted and undigested portions are eliminated.

2. Saprophytic NutritionThis kind of nutrition involves processing or decomposing the rotten foliage and dead or decaying organic matter of organisms. Saprophytes have a tendency to gorge on dead products like wood, rotten plants, stored food to name a few. Some organisms that follow saprophytic nutrition are a host of fungi like mushrooms, yeasts and moulds.

3. Parasitic Nutrition:Parasitic nutrition is a mode of heterotrophic nutrition where an organism (known as a parasite) lives on the body surface or inside the body of another type of organism (known as a host).

For instance, a hook-worm lives in the intestine of humans and feeds on it without going through the process of ingestion or egestion. This nutrition is viable for those organisms that do not possess properly developed organs and depend on their host’s body for deriving the nourishment.

A cropper rod

We need to manage our natural resourcesbecausenaturalsources are limited.We needto conserve it forward future otherwise it will be finished. For example-Tree is anatural resource.Weget Oxygen, food, medicine etc.Now a days, pollution is increasing. ... That's whywehave tomanage/saveour natural resources.

We need to conserve water because we have scarcity of fresh water though our 3/4 th planet is filled with water less than 1 % of fresh water is available. due to the increase in population there is an increased demand for water. if we don't conserve water we will be rapidly depleted of fresh water so it is necessary to conserve and manage our water resources

The broadest and most widelyused measureofnational incomeis grossdomestic product(GDP), the value of expenditures on final goods and services at market prices produced bydomesticfactors of production (labor, capital, materials) during the year.

plzz give me Short answer

plastics are of2 types thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics the thermoplastics.can be recycled and it can be used whereas thermo setting plastics are non biodegradable and it cant be recyled again and again

D) Ammonia is released from body in gaseous state.

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The cattle foods includes:- Concentrates, Roughage and Feed additives.

Concentrates- They are usually rich in fibre eg. hayRoughage- They are usually low in fibre and rich in carbohydrates etc. eg, oil seed cakes.Feed additives- They are the microbes which are supplied to the cattle. eg, hormones

Food has 3 main functions in the body:

Growth and Development

Provision of Energy

Repair and maintenance of the body's cells

the food is give me energy

Define a Joint. Give classification in detail

Thefunction of anal sphincteris to control the exit of feces from the digestive system through theanus. There are two types ofanal sphincters, internal and external. Internalanal sphincteris involuntary and not under our control. While externalanal sphincteris voluntary.

Water is an essential resource for all life on the planet. Of the water resources onEarthonly three percent of it is fresh and two-thirds of thefreshwateris locked up inice capsandglaciers. Of the remaining one percent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall inmonsoonaldeluges and floods cannot easily be used. As time advances, water is becoming scarcer and having access to clean, safe,drinking wateris limited among countries. At present only about 0.08 percent of all the world’s fresh water[2]is exploited by mankind in ever increasing demand forsanitation,drinking,manufacturing,leisureandagriculture. Due to the small percentage of water remaining, optimizing the fresh water we have left fromnatural resourceshas been a continuous difficulty in several locations worldwide.

Excretion is a process by which metabolic waste is eliminated from an organism.Unicellular organisms have food vacuoles in them. they move that vacuole and release it .

Many nerve cells are of the basic type illustrated above. Some kind of stimulus triggers an electric discharge of the cell which is analogous to thedischarge of a capacitor. This produces an electrical pulse on the order of 50-70 millivolts called anaction potential. The electrical impulse propagates down the fiber-like extension of the nerve cell (the axon). The speed of transmission depends upon the size of the fiber, but is on the order of tens of meters per second - not the speed of light transmission that occurs with electrical signals on wires. Once the signal reaches the axon terminal bundle, it may be transmitted to a neighboring nerve cell with the action of achemical neurotransmitter.

The dendrites serve as the stimulus receptors for the neuron, but they respond to a number of different types of stimuli. The neurons in the optic nerve respond to electrical stimuli sent by the cells of the retina. Other types of receptors respond to chemical neurotransmitters.

The cell body contains the necessary structures for keeping the neuron functional. That includes the nucleus,mitochondria, and other organelles. Extending from the opposite side of the cell body is the long tubular extension called the axon. Surrounding the axon is the myelin sheath, which plays an important role in the rate of electrical transmission. At the terminal end of the axon is a branched structure with ends called synaptic knobs. From this structure chemical signals can be sent to neighboring neurons.

Pancreas is a long, flat gland present in the belly. It is a vital part of thedigestive systemand is responsible for regulating blood sugar levels. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes such as proteases, amylase and lipase into the duodenum. These enzymes help to digest proteins, sugars and fat respectively. Islets of Langerhans are embedded in the pancreas that secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.

qunstion write the note of part elementry Canol (functions) please answer

Congenital diseases refer to a condition or disease which is present at birth. The condition can be inherited (genetic) or caused by environmental factors. Some maternal infections, such as HIV, can be passed onto the child and cause a congenital condition.Eg: Down Syndrome is a congenital condition.

Water storage : Electrical energy

Coal is used to generate thermal energy and stored water is used to generate electrical energy.

interferon: viral infection(auto-immune diseases)

As, inadequate erythropoietin leads to anaemia, similarly, failure of secretion of interferon by virus infected cells lead to spreading of viral infection to the neighbouring cells, which is nothing but a part of auto-immune diseases.

To prevent sexualy transmitted diseasesSafe Sex

Contraceptive methods are mainly adopted because of the following reasons:

(i)To prevent unwanted pregnancies.

(ii)To control population rise or birth rate.

(iii)To preventthe transfer of sexually transmitted diseases.

Contraceptive methodsare mainly adopted because of the following reasons:

(i) To prevent unwanted pregnancies. (ii) To control population rise or birth rate.

(iii) To prevent the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases

contraceptive methods should be adopted:

1 ,they help in spacing two children

2 ,thus help in maintaining a womans health.

3, better care.

4, also prevention of sexually transmitted diseases on using condoms.

Contraceptive methodsare mainly adopted because of the followingreasons: (i) To prevent unwanted pregnancies. (ii) To control population rise or birth rate. (iii) To prevent the transfer of sexually transmitted diseases.

The ways to protect the biodiversity are:1.we should not pollute our environment.2.we should not do the deforestation.3.we should not cut the trees for our purpose.4.instead of cutting the other trees plant an own tree and cut it.

Soil pollutionis defined as the presence of toxic chemicals (pollutantsor contaminants) insoil, in high enough concentrations to pose a risk to human health and/or the ecosystem.

Responsible substance

Industrial wastes such as harmful gases and chemicals, agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and insecticides are the most commoncauses of soil pollution. ~ Improper septic system and management and maintenance of the same. ... ~ Fuel leakage from automobiles that get washed away due to rain and seep into nearbysoil.

The best way toreducethe use of these chemicals andreduce soil pollutionis by organic farming. In organic farming in place of chemical fertilizers, insecticides and weeds, bacterial fertilizer nutrients such as compost, green manure, bacterial culture, organic manure, bio-pesticides and bio-agents are used.