| Casteism | Communalism |
| (i) Meaning: Casteism refers to loyalty to One’s own caste before loyalty to the nation. | (i) Meaning: Communalism refers to loyalty to one’s own religion before the nation. |
| (ii) Manifestations: Caste ties may lead to caste members protecting their own caste group through social service, education, medical and other welfare schemes. | (ii) Manifestations: Religious fundamentalists try to impose their religious practices on others, which leads to communal conflict and antagonism between members of different religious communities. |
| (iii) Effects: Caste conflict has led to caste and Caste prejudices. | (iii) Effects: Religious fundamentalism can lead to, acts of terrorism which can create a fear psychosis in the minds of people. |
| (iv) Impact: Casteism leads to excessive castebased loyalty, particularly evident at the time of elections. | (iv) Impact: Communal conflict weakens democracy, for example, Mumbai riots, etc. riots during India Pakistan partition. |
