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| 1. |
Which documents became the charter of liberalism |
| Answer» Liberalism, the belief in\xa0freedom,\xa0equality,\xa0democracy\xa0and\xa0human rights, is historically associated with thinkers such as\xa0John Locke\xa0and\xa0Montesquieu. It is a political movement which spans the better part of the last four centuries, though the use of the word "liberalism" to refer to a specific political doctrine did not occur until the 19th century. The\xa0Glorious Revolution\xa0of 1688 in\xa0England\xa0laid the foundations for the development of the modern liberal state by\xa0constitutionally limiting\xa0the power of the\xa0monarch, affirming parliamentary supremacy, passing the\xa0Bill of Rights\xa0and establishing the principle of "consent of the governed". The 1776\xa0Declaration of Independence\xa0of the\xa0United States\xa0founded the nascent republic on liberal principles without the encumbrance of hereditary aristocracy—the declaration stated that "all men are created equal and endowed by their creator with certain unalienable rights, among these life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness",[1]\xa0echoing John Locke\'s phrase "life, liberty, and property". A few years later, the\xa0French Revolution\xa0overthrew the hereditary aristocracy, with the slogan "liberty, equality, fraternity" and was the first state in history to grant\xa0universal male suffrage. The\xa0Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, first codified in 1789 in France, is a foundational document of both liberalism and human rights. The intellectual progress of the\xa0Enlightenment, which questioned old traditions about societies and governments, eventually coalesced into powerful revolutionary movements that toppled what the French called the\xa0Ancien Régime, the belief in absolute monarchy and established religion, especially in\xa0Europe,\xa0Latin America\xa0and\xa0North America. | |