What are somatic hybrids ? How are these produced ? Also mention their

1.	What are somatic hybrids ? How are these produced ? Also mention their common uses.
Answer» Somatic hybrids are hybrids produced by the fusion of somatic cells of two varieties or species. They are produced by somatic hybridisation. During this process, the cell walls of plant cells are removed by digestion with a combination of pectinase and celluase. The naked protoplasts of desired parents are incluced to fuse by using a solution of pectinase and cellulase. The naked protoplasts of desired parents are induced to fuse by using a solution of polythylene glycol (PEG) and a very brief high voltage electric current. Such protoplasts, when transferred to suitable culture medium, develop cell walls and begin to divide. These somatic hybrids are used for transfer, transfer of cytoplasm and production of use ful allopolyploids.

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What are somatic hybrids ? How are these produced ? Also mention their common uses.

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