Read the insert and answer the following questions(a) what kind of young people the adventurers are. Answer in your own words. (paragraph 2). [3](b) In 30 of your own words, suggest three reasons why the youngsters’ horizons are initially so narrow. [3](c) Give two characteristics that all of the adventurers in Iceland have exhibited. [2](e) In your own words: Give two examples from the passage of a youngster making progress in his/her personal development. [2]Iceland is a place where man takes second place to geology. Even for an expedition, the alien landscape is inhospitable. The pace is faster than expected for a troop of young adventurers. We approach the foot of Mt. Sellandafjall, skidding on boulders and scouring the ground for blueberries to supplement our ration packs. Two hours’ drive from the airport, a track leads to the BES base camp, the springboard for a series of tough missions that will see the adventurers travel close to 200 kilometres on a three-week expedition.But the adventurers here are a little special. They are with the Dangoor Next Generation (DNG) programme, run by BES, aimed at young people not in employment, education or training (NEETs). Challenging expeditions are not the preserve of adventurers and record-setters: they can also be used as a powerful tool to ‘change lives’. The three-month training programme (run jointly with the youth charity Catch 22), followed by a three-week expedition, has seen extraordinary results. Ninety-four percent of the young people involved find employment or training within three months of returning from an expedition.As Caroline Hodges, the DNG programme manager, says, ‘These are young people who have never owned passports, may not have parents around, and play Xbox all the time. The potential to broaden their horizons is massive.’ The 39 adventurers, all aged under 21, are split into four groups and learn to be self-sufficient in the wilderness: pitching their own tents, cooking outdoors and navigating themselves on a 80-kilometre trip over the Askja volcano. All have shown a willingness to step into the unknown and a perseverance that could change their lives forever. For them this is truly another planet.One boy is hiking by my side. He tells me he wanted to go back home after the first three days but was persuaded to stay on. ‘I’m glad,’ he says, ‘I’ve decided to join the Army or perhaps go to America.’ At 17 he is the youngest on the trip and barely says a word for the first few days. Back home, out of education, he gets bored, but on this trip he emerges as a natural leader and enrols on a training course that will see him return as a senior adventurer.The range of expeditions includes biodiversity research in the Peruvian Amazon, study of polar climate change in the Arctic, and adventures in the Indian imalayas, Oman, Namibia and Iceland. Traditionally, the Young Explorers have either raised funds themselves or parents have contributed. But the present BES chairman, Teddy Watson, wanted to expand and implemented the outreach programme in 2006. Now he believes it is the core of BES. ‘We are a society open to everybody, regardless of means, but the Next Generation programme is critical to what we do. The BES is about unlocking the potential of the young and it’s just as much about disaffected people, in and out of jail, as it is people born with a silver spoon in their mouth.’‘The moments that mean the most in terms of personal development,’ Hodges says, ‘are when a young person walks away from a confrontation when previously they might have risen to the bait; or when one of them gets out of bed without a 20-minute debate, or helps his/her group by making dinner for the first time after having selfishly let them do everything for weeks – these are the little moments of triumph that our staff work hard for.’