ANSWER:

Explanation:

Oxidation numbers are a convenient way of identifying redox reactions and also indicating which element is oxidized and which is reduced. Here's an example - the reaction between sodium metal and chlorine gas:

2Na+Cl2⟶2NaCl

It is often useful to write the oxidation number for every element, in every compound, above the element in the equation. Thus for our reaction we have:

Be sure to note that the balancing coefficients in the equation (the "2" in front of Na and in front of NaCl ) do not affect the value of the oxidation numbers. We'll return to these coefficients soon.

A chart is a useful way for us to SUMMARIZE the changes in oxidation number for each element:

element

initial

ox no

FINAL

ox no

change in

electrons (e-)

oxidized or

reduced

Na

0

→

+1

lost 1 e-

oxidized

Cl

0

→

-1

gain 1 e-

reduced

We see several important things in our table

Since oxidation numbers did change, this was a redox reaction

Na 's oxidation number increased - from 0 on the reactant side to +1 on the product side. An element becomes more positive by losing electrons.

Loss of electrons is Oxidation (LEO)

Cl 's oxidation number decreased, from 0 to -1, as chlorine gained electrons.

Gain of electrons is Reduction (GER)

An increase in oxidation number indicates oxidation

A decrease in oxidation number indicates reduction

Let's try another example. Identifying what is oxidized and what is reduced - and how many electrons are involved - is very important to master now for we will expand upon this skill shortly.

Consider the reaction

2Mg+O2⟶2MgO

Determine oxidation numbers for all elements in every compound:

0 0 +1 -2

2Mg+O2⟶2MgO

Summarize the changes, determine the number of electrons transferred per atom, and IDENTIFY what is oxidized and what is reduced:

element

initial

ox no

final

ox no

change in

electrons (e-)

oxidized or

reduced

Mg

0

→

+2

lost 2e-

oxidized

O

0

→

-2

gain 2e-

reduced

Two new terms before we continue. You will recall that we mentioned in the first section of this unit that oxidation cannot occur without reduction, and vice versa. The substance losing electrons (undergoing oxidation) gives its electrons to the substance gaining electrons (undergoing reduction). If the reduced substance will not accept electrons, the oxidized substance could not give away electrons. Thus, one allows for the other to occur.

Reducing agent

the substance that is oxidized.

It allows another element to be reduced.

Oxidizing agent

the substance that is reduced.

It allows another element to be oxidized.

In our last example above, magnesium was oxidized, therefore it was the reducing agent. Oxygen was reduced, therefore it was the oxidizing agent.

By convention we often refer to the oxidizing agent and reducing agents as the entire compound the element is in, not just INDIVIDUAL element. Consider the following reaction. Oxidation numbers are shown only for substances whose oxidation numbers undergo a change:

0 +5(N) +2(Zn) +4(N)

Zn+HNO3⟶Zn(NO3)2+NO2+H2O

Summarize:

element

initial

ox no

final

ox no

e-

oxidized or

reduced

Agent

Zn

0

→

+2

lost 2e-

oxidized

reducing agent:

Zn

N

+5

→

+4

gain 1e-

reduced

oxidizing agent:

HNO3

We see that HNO3 is referred to as the oxidizing agent, not just N.

One final thing to note in this example - notice that the nitrogen in Zn(NO3)2 did not undergo a change in oxidation number.

Here is a final example.

Consider the reaction

N2+2H2⟶2NH3

Determine oxidation numbers for all elements in every compound:

0 0 -3 +1

N2+2H2⟶2NH3

Summarize the changes, determine the number of electrons transferred per atom, and identify what is oxidized and what is reduced, and identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent:

element

initial

ox no

final

ox no

e-

oxidized or

reduced

Agent

N

0

→

-3

gain 3e-

reduced

oxidizing agent: N2

H

0

→

+1

lose 1e-

oxidized

reducing agent: H2

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1.2: Oxidation Numbers 1.4 Balancing Redox Reactions Using Oxidation Numbers

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