1.

Explain the washing soda method for removal of permanent hardness of water.

Answer»

Washing soda reacts with soluble chloride and sulphates of calcium and magnesium present in hard water of from insoluble carbonates which can be removed by filtration

CaCl2​+Na2​CO3​→CaCO3​↓2NaCl

MgCl2​+Na2​CO3​→MgCO3​↓+2NaCl

CaSO4​+Na2​CO3​→CaCO3​↓+Na2​SO4

MgSO4​+Na2​CO3​→MgCO3​↓+Na2​SO4



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