Explain the removal of permanent hardness of water?

1.	Explain the removal of permanent hardness of water?
Answer» Gan’s Permutit Method: In this method, sodium aluminum ortho silicate known as permutit or zeolite is used to remove the permanent hardness of water. Reaction: Na2 Al2 Si2 O8.KH2O + Ca++→ 2Na+ + Ca Al2 Si2 O8.xH2O Calgon’s Process: In this method, sodium-hexa-meta-phosphate (NaPO3)6 known as Calgon is used. The hardness in water is removed by the adsorption of Ca++ and Mg+ Ion Exchange Resin Method: In this method, the permanent hardness of water is removed by using resins. Ca++/Mg++ ions are exchanged with Cl–, SO4-2 ions are exchanged with anion exchange resin (RNH2OH). Demineralized water is formed in this process. ⇒ 2RCOOH + Ca++ → (RCOO)2Ca + 2H+ ⇒ RNH2OH + Cl– → RNH2Cl + OH– ⇒ H+ + OH– → H2O+ ions

Answer»

Gan’s Permutit Method:

In this method, sodium aluminum ortho silicate known as permutit or zeolite is used to remove the permanent hardness of water.

Reaction: Na2 Al2 Si2 O8.KH2O + Ca++→ 2Na+ + Ca Al2 Si2 O8.xH2O

Calgon’s Process:

In this method, sodium-hexa-meta-phosphate (NaPO3)6 known as Calgon is used. The hardness in water is removed by the adsorption of Ca++ and Mg+

Ion Exchange Resin Method:

In this method, the permanent hardness of water is removed by using resins. Ca++/Mg++ ions are exchanged with Cl–, SO4-2 ions are exchanged with anion exchange resin (RNH2OH). Demineralized water is formed in this process.

⇒ 2RCOOH + Ca++ → (RCOO)2Ca + 2H+

⇒ RNH2OH + Cl– → RNH2Cl + OH–

⇒ H+ + OH– → H2O+ ions

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