Explain the following observations:(i) With the same d-orbital configu

1.	Explain the following observations:(i) With the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Cr2+ ion is a reducing agent while Mn3+ ion is an oxidising agent.(ii) Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions.(iii) Among the 3d series of transition elements, the largest number of oxidation states are exhibited by manganese.
Answer» (i) Cr²⁺is reducing as its configuration changes from d⁴ to d³ , the latter having a half filled t_2gconfiguration. On the other hand, the change from Mn ³⁺ to Mn ²⁺ results in the half-filled d⁵configuration which has extra stability therefore Mn ³⁺ is oxidising. (ii) Because the high hydration enthalpy of Cu ²⁺ easily compensates the second ionization enthalpy of Cu. (iii) This is because manganese has electronic configuration [Ar]3d⁵4s², with five unpaired electrons in 3d orbitals.

Explain the following observations:(i) With the same d-orbital configuration (d4) Cr2+ ion is a reducing agent while Mn3+ ion is an oxidising agent.(ii) Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions.(iii) Among the 3d series of transition elements, the largest number of oxidation states are exhibited by manganese.

Answer»

(i) Cr²⁺is reducing as its configuration changes from d⁴ to d³ , the latter having a half filled t_2gconfiguration. On the other hand, the change from Mn ³⁺ to Mn ²⁺ results in the half-filled d⁵configuration which has extra stability therefore Mn ³⁺ is oxidising.

(ii) Because the high hydration enthalpy of Cu ²⁺ easily compensates the second ionization enthalpy of Cu.

(iii) This is because manganese has electronic configuration [Ar]3d⁵4s², with five unpaired electrons in 3d orbitals.

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