Enlist and write in brief about the different biological tools require

1.	Enlist and write in brief about the different biological tools required in r-DNA technology.
Answer» The biological tools used in r-DNA technology are various enzymes, cloning vectors and competent hosts. (1) Enzymes: Enzymes like lysozymes, nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, alkaline phosphatases, etc. are used in r-DNA technology. The restriction endonucleases are used as biological or molecular scissors. They are able to cut a DNA molecule at a specific recognition site (2) Vectors: Vectors are DNA molecules which carry foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell. Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (M13, lambda virus), cosmid, phagemids, BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome), YAC (yeast artificial chromosome), transposons, baculoviruses and mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs). Most commonly used vectors are plasmid vectors (pBR 322, pUC, Ti plasmid) and bacteriophages (lamda phage, M13 phage). (3) Competent host cells: 1. They are bacteria like Bacillus haemophilus, Helicobacter pyroliand E. coli. 2. Mostly E. coli is used for the transformation with recombinant DNA.

Enlist and write in brief about the different biological tools required in r-DNA technology.

Answer»

The biological tools used in r-DNA technology are various enzymes, cloning vectors and competent hosts.

(1) Enzymes:

Enzymes like lysozymes, nucleases (exonucleases and endonucleases), DNA ligase, reverse transcriptase, DNA polymerase, alkaline phosphatases, etc. are used in r-DNA technology.
The restriction endonucleases are used as biological or molecular scissors. They are able to cut a DNA molecule at a specific recognition site

(2) Vectors:

Vectors are DNA molecules which carry foreign DNA segment and replicate inside the host cell.
Vectors may be plasmids, bacteriophages (M13, lambda virus), cosmid, phagemids, BAC (bacterial artificial chromosome), YAC (yeast artificial chromosome), transposons, baculoviruses and mammalian artificial chromosomes (MACs).
Most commonly used vectors are plasmid vectors (pBR 322, pUC, Ti plasmid) and bacteriophages (lamda phage, M13 phage).

(3) Competent host cells:

1. They are bacteria like Bacillus haemophilus, Helicobacter pyroliand E. coli.

2. Mostly E. coli is used for the transformation with recombinant DNA.