1. Janapadas : The Janapadas were the realms, republics and kingdoms of the Vedic period on the Indian subcontinent — late Bronze Age into the Iron Age — from about 1200 BCE to the 6th century BCE. Concluding with the rise of sixteen Mahajanapadas ("great janapadas"), most of the states were later annexed by more powerful neighbours, whilst others remained independent.

2. Upanishads: The Upanishads form the core of Indian philosophy. They are an amazing collection of writings from original oral transmissions, which have been aptly described byShri Aurobindoas "the supreme work of the Indian mind". It is here that we find all thefundamental teachingsthat are central to Hinduism — the concepts of 'karma' (action), 'samsara' (reincarnation), 'moksha' (nirvana), the 'atman' (soul), and the'Brahman'(Absolute Almighty).

3. Varna System : In ancient India society was based upon the varna (class/colour) in which people were classified into four classes(varna) with relation to their aptitude and vocation.

Four orders of society were recognized based upon the four duties of human beings and established society accordingly.

These four groups were

The Brahmins, the priests or spiritual class.

The Kshatriya, the nobility or ruling class.

The Vaishya, the merchants and farmers.

The Shudras or servants.

These four orders of society were called "varna", which has two meanings; first it means "color"; and second it means a "veil". As color it does not refer to the color of the skin of people, but to the qualities or energies of human nature.