1. As the river moves through the upper course it cuts downwards. The gradient here is steep and the river channel is narrow. Vertical erosion in this highland part of the river helps to create steep-sided V-shaped valleys, interlocking spurs, rapids, waterfalls and gorges.

2. A glacial lake produced by abrasion and plucking of bedrock on the bottom of a cirque. Lake Ellen Wilson is an example of a tarn.

3. A pyramidal peak is a mountain feature which formed as several corries were eroded from its sides. A pyramidal peak is the meeting point of two or more arêtes in the form of a mountain peak. A pyramidal peak is formed where three or more corries and arêtes meet. The glaciers have carved away at the top of a mountain, creating a sharply pointed summit, eg Mont Blanc, The Matterhorn and Mount Everest.

4. Loess is a sedimentary deposit composed largely of silt-size grains that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate. Loess is mostly created by wind, but can also be formed by glaciers. The thickest loess deposits are near the Missouri River in the U.S. state of Iowa and along the Yellow River in China.

5. A beach is a geologic formation that is located along a large body of water, including lakes, rivers, and oceans. A beach forms when waves deposit sand and gravel along the shoreline. Some beaches are made of rocks and pebbles. Over time they are worn smooth from being rolled around by waves. The rocks usually reflect the local geology.