(a) Two causes of low efficiency of labour in India: 

1. Hot and Enervating Climate—India is a subtropical country and its climate is hot and enervating. It reduces the worker’s stamina for hard and continuous work for long hours. 

2. Low wages—The wages of labour in India are low in general and so is the standard of living. As such, the workers are not in a position to keep themselves physically and mentally fit and in sound health, this become a cause of low efficiency. 

(b) Two forms of consumer exploitation: 

1. Underweight and Under-measurements—The goods being sold in the market are sometimes not measured or weighted correctly. 

2. Duplicate Articles—In the name of genuine parts or goods, fake or duplicate items are being sold to the customers. 

(c) Public Debt—“National debt is a debt which a state owes to its subjects or to the nationals of other countries.” —Findlay Shirras In simple words, Public Debt refers to the loan raised by the government within the country or outside the country. The government may borrow from individuals, business enterprises and banks, etc. when its expenditure exceeds its revenue. But it is not a source of revenue like tax. 

(d) Indirect taxes are regressive in nature as it is generally imposed on the consumption of goods. They are indiscriminately in that sense the poor people have to pay as much as rich people. It can be made progressive and equitable by imposing heavy taxes on luxury goods consumed by the rich consumers and low taxes on the essential commodities.